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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Topography
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Study of land masses
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Topographical map
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Map depicting land masses from an aerial view
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Latittude
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Horizontal, like rungs on a ladder; measured in degrees, minutes, & seconds
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Longitude
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Vertical, from north to south pole; measured in degrees, minutes, & seconds
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Quadrangles
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map of land bounded by latitude and longitude
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Contour lines
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Lines on the map that represent elevation
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Relief
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amount of change in elevation between two points on a map
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Gradient
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a measure of the steepness of a slope
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Public Land Survey System
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(PLS) A way to grid land
onto a map |
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration
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River System
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Head, mouth, base level
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Sheet flow
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downslope movement of water taking the form of a thin, continuous film over relatively smooth surfaces
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Rills
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a very small brook
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Gullies
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A deep ditch or channel cut in the earth by running water
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Infiltration Capacity
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the maximum rate at which a soil in a given condition will absorb water.
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Drainage Basin
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the area drained by a river and all its tributaries
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Continental Divide
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a divide separating river systems that flow to opposite sides of a continent
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Drainage patterns
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Dendritic, radial, rectangular, trellis
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Streamflow
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the water that flows in a specific stream site
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Laminar flow
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the flow in which particles of water move in parallel layers
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Turbulent flow
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the flow in which particles of water move in an irregular way
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Discharge
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the amount of water that flows through the river bed
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Headward erosion
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Erosion caused by water flowing at the head of a valley
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Stream piracy
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when a stream is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream
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Dissolved Load
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term for material that are carried in solution by a stream
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Suspended Load
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the portion of the sediment that settle slowly enough that it almost never touches the bed
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Bed load
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describes particles in water that are transported along the bed
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Saltation
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jumping, leaping motion of sediment travelling downstream
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Deposition
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when sediment is deposited (dropped off)
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Deltas
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formed from the deposition of sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river
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Floodplain
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a flat or nearly flat land adjacent a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge
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Meandering Streams
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a stream consisting of successive meanders
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Cut bank
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the outside of a turn in a river; where most erosion occurs in a turn
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Point bar
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the inside turn of a river; where sediment is deposited
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Cutoff
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occurs when a meander bend in a river channel that connects the two closest parts of the bend
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Oxbow Lake
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U-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.
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Braided Stream
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A stream consisting of multiple channels that divide and recombine numerous times forming a pattern resembling a braid
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Flood
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When rivers swell and flow over their banks to cover parts of the land
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Recurrence Interval
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an estimate of the average time between past occurrences of floods
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Controlling Floods
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Natural Levees, artificial levees, flood-control dams, channelization
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Groundwater
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Largest reservoir of fresh water for humans, typically not underground rivers
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Source of Groundwater
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precipitation seeping through pores and cracks in the ground
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Unsaturated zone
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not all pores are filled
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Saturated Zone
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all pore spaces filled
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Porosity
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the amount of pore space
between particles of soil, sediment and rock |
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Permeability
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the ability for a fluid to flow within sediment or rock
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Aquitards
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low porosity and permeability
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Aquifers
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high porosity and permeability
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Hydraulic gradient
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the slope of the water table or potentiometric surface.
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Movement of Groundwater
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Moves along contour lines on surface of water table along steepest gradient from high to low elevations
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Gaining Streams
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stream which increases in water volume farther down stream as it gains water
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Losing Streams
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a stream or river that loses water as it flows downstream.
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Disappearing Streams
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Groundwater permeating through cracks removes the soluble rock while leaving an enlarged channel
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Springs
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A place where the water table meet the surface and groundwater begins to freely flow on the surface
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Hot Springs
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a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust
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Geysers
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a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam
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Cone of Depression
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Created when ground water is pumped from a well or underground mine
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Artesian Wells
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a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure
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Karst
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type of landscape that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks
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Speleothems
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cave formations
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Sinkholes
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a natural depression in the Earth's surface caused by karst processes
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Glacier
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A thick mass of ice that moves across the surface of the land
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Ice Sheets
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Thick expanses of ice that cover a large land area
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Ice Shelves
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Ice sheets that flow into the ocean and are still attached to land
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Icebergs
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Large chunks of ice that break off of a glacier or ice sheet into the ocean
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