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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Texture of igneous rocks:
If the rock's texture is coarse, what does that say about how it was formed? |
Coarse mean large crystals- so it cooled slowly which allowed for crystal formation
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Definition: What is porphyritic?
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A coarse and fine rock/ cooled slowly and then quickly
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A frozen magma chamber?
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pluton
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What is a stock?
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the neck of a volcanoe
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Sills vs dikes?
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sills run parallel to the earth's surface while dikes run vertical
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What does a rock with a fine texture mean?
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It cooled quickly- there was no time for crystal formation
---EXTRUSIVE |
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What is a batholith?
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collection of plutons
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What is a lahar?
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a hazard of volcani eruption- when snow melts on mountain and creates landslide
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What are pyroclasts?
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characteristic of volcanoe- "fire rocks"
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What are the layers of ash/firerocks called?
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tuffs
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What is viscosity?
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How well something flows
-more viscous means it flows slowly -less viscous mean like water |
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How does silica content relate to viscosity?
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Framework/felsic material is more viscous(meaning thick and oozy) while mafic/single is less viscous and more flowy
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An explosive volcanic eruptions has what kind of attributes?
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the felsic/framework/more viscous volcanoes have more explosive- b/c more likely to have a cork with pressure build up- stratovolcanoes
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What is a cinder cone?
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pile of ash
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what is a fissure eruption?
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when magma seeps out of cracks/fissures in ground
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When center of volcanoe may collapse on the large drained magma chamber below creating deep depression. What's this called?
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Caldera
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A rock that cooled so fast there are no crystals is called what? what's an example?
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aphantic
-example: obsidian |
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Texture of extrusive rocks: A bubbly texture due to the air bubbles that popped when cooled- this type called what?
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vesticular
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Extrusive texture that's rocky, sharp, blocky due to more viscous flow?
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AA lava
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Extrusive rock that soft smooth due to the less viscous nature...
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Pahoehoe lava
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The testure of an extrusive rock that tends to look glassy, more felsic and can even float sometimes?
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Pumice
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What effect can a volcanic eruption have on the climate?
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the ash can stay in the stratosphere and block sunlight
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What type of volcanoes/eruptive landforms occur at mid ocean ridges?
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shield mtns or fissure
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What are the types of mechanical weathering that can occur? (6)
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Frost wedging,
salt wedging, thermal expansion/contraction unloading/exfoliation biogenic abrasion |
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What are the types of chemical weathering that can occur? (4)
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Geothermal
Dissolution Hydrolysis oxidation |
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When water combines with co2 to create a weak acid that will degrade the rock?
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dissolution
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What increases the weathering rate of rocks?
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Increased surface area!
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What kind of volcanoes can be found at subduction zones?
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strat volcanoes, cinder cones, stocks, rhyolite (b/c felsic)
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Hot spots have what kind?
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shield and mafic material
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Another name for "rockification"?
What are two ways it occurs? |
Lithifcation
-compaction (squishing materials together) -cementation (ions from water glue material together) |
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What does grain size of sedimentary rocks tell us?
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the energy level of which they were deposited
-large rocks at high energy -small at low |
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What does grain shape tell about depositional environment?
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how far from source
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A rounded rock with smooth edges if closer or far away from its source?
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far away
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Whats the difference of the sources of coal vs. oil?
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Coal is from swamp land- continental while oil is from deeper water sources
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What is a chert/ silica?
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the leftover dissoltuon from water
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How is limestone formed?
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from reefs growing on top of dead animals
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Diatoms or bones that get squsihed create what?
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oil
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What are the types of inorganic sedimentary layers?
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Cherts/silica
evaporites |
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The types of organic sedimentary layers?
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limestones
diatoms foraminifera coal |
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how can energy levels of deposition tell what type of environment it was?
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energy level can tell convey raising or sinking water levels
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High energy to low energy means what was happening with water?
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raising sea levels- transgression
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Low to high energy levels show water in regards to water?
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decling water levels- regression
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What are the two types of sedimentary basins?
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Rift- pulling apart creates basin for infill
flexural- squishing together makes continental crust heavy underweight |
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Subduction zones have what kind of sedimentary basins?
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flexural
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What are the contributing causes to metamorphic rocks?
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Temperature
pressure protolith geotherms fluids |
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How does temperature relate to metamorphic rocks?
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Heat energy from planetary accretion or radioactive decay can dry water out, regorganizes crystal formation
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What is the type of pressure called when there is an equal amount in all directions?
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Lithostatic pressure
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What about when there's varying amounts?
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differential stress
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What is linneation?
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the lines on the surface that can suggest stretching
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What about foliation?
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when minerals grow in same orientaiton, they align and can develop weak planes for cleavage or foliation
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What increases foliation?
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Pressure
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What are characteristics of a river/fluvial environment?
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congolmerates and shale
coal (back swamps) and sandstone (beach) |
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What are the characteristics of deep marine seetings?
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NO LIMESTONE
-lots of mudstone because a very low energy setting |
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What about a shallow marine setting?
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limestone may occur at shelf
sandstone,mudstone |
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So limestone is an indicator of what kind of water environment?
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Shallow marine setting
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What are the types of metamorphism?
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hydrothermal
regional contact impact |
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Where does hydrothermal metamorphism occur?
regional? contact? impact? |
-Mid ocean ridges= hydrothermal
-subduction= regional -hot spot= contact -meteor= impact |
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When you increase the strain, the deformation of rocks tends to be more____? Whereas the increasing temperature deforms rocks how so?
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-Brittle
-Ductile |
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What shows the locations of different rock types and orientations?
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a geologic map
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What is a strike?
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the intersection of two planes
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What is a dip?
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the plane downhill/angle from the horizontal plane
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What are index minerals?
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they define what to expect- can mpa out on isograd map to learn about tectonic setting
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What is an anticline? what about a syncline?
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-When the hill points to the sky
-when points to hell |
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In folds, where does the most stress come from?
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the sides
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Hanging wall vs the footwall:
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footwall is where your feet stand and hanging wall is where the axe pick above your head would go
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