Geology Exam #1

Front 1

System

Back 1

A part of the universe with set limits and consisting of one or more phases or parts.

Front 2

Open system

Back 2

Exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.

Front 3

Closed system

Back 3

Exchanges energy, but not matter with its surroundings

Front 4

Equilibrium

Back 4

A system at its lowest possible energy state/level.

Front 5

Metastable

Back 5

A system that needs energy added to it in order to move toward equilibrium.

Front 6

Element

Back 6

A substance with a unique collection of properties and cannot be reduced to smaller parts without losing those properties.

Front 7

Compound

Back 7

A combination of one or more elements.

Front 8

Molecule

Back 8

A unit of matter consisting of one or more atoms.

Front 9

Nucleus

Back 9

Central part of an atom consisting of protons and/or neutrons.

Front 10

Proton

Back 10

Particle of matter carrying a positive charge

Front 11

Neutron

Back 11

Particle of matter without a charge.

Front 12

Electron

Back 12

Particle of matter carrying a negative charge.

Front 13

Atomic number

Back 13

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Front 14

Atomic mass

Back 14

The total number of particles in an atomic nucleus.

Front 15

Electron cloud

Back 15

The region of an atom where electrons are found.

Front 16

Ion

Back 16

A charged atom.

Front 17

Cation

Back 17

A positively charged atom.

Front 18

Anion

Back 18

A negatively charged atom.

Front 19

Isotope

Back 19

Atoms of the same element, but with differing numbers of neutrons.

Front 20

Ionic bonds

Back 20

Bonding of atoms caused by the transfer of electrons.

Front 21

Covalent bonds

Back 21

Bonding of atoms caused by the sharing of electrons.

Front 22

Metallic bonding

Back 22

Bonding of atoms caused by the free movement of electrons.

Front 23

Hydrogen bonding

Back 23

Weak attraction between polarized molecules.

Front 24

Solid

Back 24

Matter that is held together in rigid structure.

Front 25

Liquid

Back 25

Matter that is packed together in a confined space, but whose parts are in random motion relative to each other.

Front 26

Gas

Back 26

Matter in random motion, at high speeds, separated by empty space.

Front 27

Plasma

Back 27

Matter containing such high energy that the electrons have been stripped from the atoms, leaving free nuclei.

Front 28

Mineral

Back 28

A naturally occuring, generally inorganic, usually crystalline solid.

Front 29

Polymorph

Back 29

Minerals with the same chemical composition, but different internal structure.

Front 30

Ionic substitution

Back 30

Ionic substitution

When different elements that are similar in size and charge replace each other in the atomic structure of a mineral.

Front 31

Streak

Back 31

The color produced from the crushed part of a mineral.

Front 32

Luster

Back 32

The appearance of a mineral as reflected by its surfaces.

Front 33

Hardness

Back 33

The degree of resistance by a mineral to scratching.

Front 34

Cleavage

Back 34

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.

Front 35

Conchoidal

Back 35

When mineral fractures are curved in shape.

Front 36

Intrusive/Plutonic

Back 36

Igneous processes inside of the Earth.

Front 37

Extrusive/Volcanic

Back 37

Igneous processes outside of the Earth.

Front 38

Vesicular

Back 38

Texture consisting of lots of holes.

Front 39

Pyroclastic

Back 39

Broken, volcanic texture.

Front 40

Fractional crystallization

Back 40

The changing of magma composition due to crystallization.

Front 41

Dike

Back 41

Igneous structure of magma cutting across previous layers or features.

Front 42

Sill

Back 42

Structure of magma emplaced parallel to pre-existing layers.

Front 43

Xenolith

Back 43

A pre-existing piece of rock encased in cooled magma.

Front 44

Aa

Back 44

Lava consisting of broken and angular blocks.

Front 45

Pahoehoe

Back 45

Lava consisting of smooth or wrinkled surfaces.

Front 46

Metamorphism

Back 46

Chemical, mineralogical, or textural changes in a rock caused by heat and pressure, but without melting.

Front 47

Protolith

Back 47

Orignal rock.

Front 48

Hydrothermal

Back 48

Geologic processes related to hot water.

Front 49

Foliation

Back 49

Metamorphic texture of wrinkled or undulating surfaces caused by compression and shearing.

Front 50

Concepts of a System

Back 50

-Describes any part of the Universe that we wish to
examine.
-It can be as small as an atom or as large as the
Universe.
-Consists of one or more phases or parts.
•Examples:
•Magma chamber
•Ocean (ice, water, fish, seaweed, etc.)
•Salad dressing (oil and water)

Front 51

Examples of Geologic
Systems

Back 51

The Earth is a system
•Many subsystems
•Nearly closed
•Small mass of meteorite and space dust input
•Solar energy enters the system
•Produces reactions within the system
•Causes matter to flow & react

Front 52

water cycle

Back 52

w

Front 53

Water cycle is open or closed system?

Back 53

Closed

Front 54

Ocean is a _________ system?

Back 54

Open

Front 55

Earth is essentially a ________ system?

Back 55

Closed

Front 56

Systems transfer _____ and _____ from one place to another.

Back 56

materials and energy

Front 57

The most stable state is always the one with the __________ energy.

Back 57

lowest

Front 58

Equilibrium in Geologic Systems

Back 58

Equilibrium
• A system at its lowest possible energy level
• Systems move toward equilibrium
• Defining the equilibrium state determines the
direction of flow

Front 59

Crystalline

Back 59

atoms bond together in a regular orderly pattern

Front 60

Amorphous

Back 60

atoms bonded together in a random pattern

Front 61

A mineral must meet the following criteria:

Back 61

Unique crystal structure
• Atoms are arranged in a consistent and orderly
geometric pattern
• Homogenous
– Forms through natural geological processes
– Has a specific chemical composition

Front 62

Minerals grow outward from a central point and will
grow until something limits their growth: T or F

Back 62

True

Front 63

Change in Geologic Systems

Back 63

Flow of energy and matter
• Changes in one system component affect
the entire system
• Flow can be predictable because…
• Systems move towards equilibrium

Front 64

The crystals grow outward
because they grow by adding
atoms at the margin: T or F

Back 64

True

Front 65

The influence of trace elements in ionic substitution can
change the color of the same mineral: T or F

Back 65

True

Front 66

Hardness is classified using
Mohs hardness scale. T or F

Back 66

True

Front 67

The most common minerals on Earth contain the element
silica (Si). T or F

Back 67

True

Front 68

Quartz and Feldspar are two of the most common silicate minerals. T or F

Back 68

True

Front 69

There are three main classes of rocks:

Back 69

• Igneous – form from a melt by crystallization.
The melt is called magma
• Sedimentary – formed by the accumulation of
material (fragments, precipitates, or a combination
of both
• Metamorphic – rocks that have changed
mineralogically or texturally from their original
state

Front 70

Back 70

tt

Front 71

Igneous Rocks

Back 71

• Igneous rocks form
from a melt.
• They are glassy or
crystalline and the
crystals grow together
and into each other.

Front 72

Sedimentary Rocks

Back 72

• Formed from the broken
pieces of other rocks
• Grains are held together by
cement
• Formed by precipitation or
organic processes
• They often contain fossils

Front 73

Metamorphic Rocks

Back 73

Metamorphic rocks
are recrystallized
from other rocks
(even other
metamorphic rocks)
• Metamorphic rocks
do not form from a
melt, but crystals in
a metamorphic rock
often indicate
dissolution

Front 74

Oxides: e.g. iron oxides
• Carbonates: e.g. calcite
• Sulfates: e.g. gypsum
• Phosphates: e.g. apatite

Back 74

True

Front 75

Back 75

True

Front 76

Common Plutonic Rocks:

Back 76

Peridotite – Very dense, black to green, coarsegrained
rock. Very rich in iron and magnesium
(ultramafic).
• Makes up most of the upper mantle of the Earth.
• Gabbro and Diorite – Dark, sometimes whitespeckled
rocks.
• Can have a “salt and pepper” look.
• Formed in magma chambers associated with ocean
and continental island arcs.
• Granite – Light-colored, coarse-grained rock.
• Makes up most of the continental crust.

Front 77

Which of the following is a carbonate?
Calcite
Apatite
Stibnite
Fluorite

Back 77

Calcite

Front 78

What two types of igneous rock creates all of the oceanic crust?
sill, dike
basalt, gabbro
basalt, granite
granite, gabbro

Back 78

basalt, gabbro

Front 79

What is the main way that water is removed from sediments as they are altered into rock?
Decreasing pressure.
Heating of the sediments.
Evaporation.
Compaction of the sediments.

Back 79

Compaction of the sediments.

Front 80

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Back 80

Clastic sedimentary rocks
– Most common sedimentary rock
type
– Form from cemented sediment
grains that come from preexisting
rocks
• Chemical sedimentary rocks
– Have crystalline textures
– Form by precipitation of
minerals from solution
• Organic sedimentary rocks
– Accumulate from remains of
organisms

Front 81

Lithification

Back 81

General term for processes converting loose sediment into
sedimentary rock
– Combination of compaction and cementation
– Most sedimentary rocks form from compacted and cemented
grains

Front 82

Back 82

true

Front 83

Preservation

Back 83

Sediment must be preserved, as by burial with additional
sediments, in order to become a sedimentary rock

Front 84

Clastic sedimentary rocks form where undissolved
sediment clasts are deposited either in wet (rivers, lakes,
streams) or dry conditions (alluvial fans) T or F

Back 84

True

Front 85

Breccia and Conglomerate

Back 85

Coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rocks
– Sedimentary breccia composed of coarse, angular rock
fragments cemented together
– Conglomerate composed of rounded gravel cemented
together

Front 86

Sandstone

Back 86

Medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock

Front 87

Breccia: sedimentary rocks made up of large angular
clasts

Back 87

True

Front 88

Conglomerate: sedimentary rocks made up of
ROUNDED clasts

Back 88

True

Front 89

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Back 89

Limestone
– Limestone is composed mainly of calcite
• Most are biochemical, but can be inorganic
• Often contain easily recognizable fossils, coral is common
• Chemical alteration of limestone in Mg-rich water solutions can
produce dolomite
• Chert
– Hard, compact, fine-grained, formed almost entirely of silica
– Can occur as layers or as lumpy nodules within other sedimentary rocks,
especially limestones
• Evaporites
– Form from evaporating saline waters (lake, ocean)
– Common examples are rock gypsum, rock salt

Front 90

Limestone is made up of the shells of animals and is
usually fossiliferous:

Back 90

True

Front 91

Organic Material in Sedimentary Rocks

Back 91

Coal
– Sedimentary rock forming from
compaction
of partially decayed plant material
– Organic material deposited in
water with low oxygen content
• Oil and natural gas
– Originate from organic matter in
marine sediment
– Subsurface “cooking” can change
organic solids to oil and natural gas
– Can accumulate in porous
overlying rocks

Front 92

Features of Sedimentary Rocks

Back 92

Sedimentary structures
– Features within sedimentary rocks produced during or just
after sediment deposition
– Provide clues to how and where deposition of sediments
occurred
– Bedding
• Series of visible layers within a rock
• Most common sedimentary structure
– Cross-bedding
• Series of thin, inclined layers within a horizontal bed of rock
• Common in sandstones
• Indicative of deposition in ripples, bars, dunes, deltas

Front 93

Sedimentary Structures

Back 93

Graded bedding
– Progressive change in grain size from bottom to top of a
bed.
• Mud cracks
– Polygonal cracks formed in drying mud.
• Ripple marks
– Small ridges formed on surface of sediment layer by moving
wind or water.
• Fossils
– Traces of plants or animals preserved in rock.
– Hard parts (shells, bones) more easily preserved as fossils.

Front 94

Bright colors, especially oranges, reds,
yellows, purples, and greens, usually indicate
hydrothermal alteration.

Back 94

True