Geology And Weathering Terms

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External processes occur ____

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at or near Earth's surface

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3 External processes

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1. Weathering
2. Mass Wasting
3. Erosion

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External processes responsible for

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transforming solid rock to sediment

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Derive from Earth's interior and elevate by mountain building and volcanic activity

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Internal processes

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Break rock apart and move debris to lower elevations

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External processes

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Physical breakdown an chemical alteration of rocks near or at surface

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Weathering

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Transfer of rock and soil down slope under influence of gravity

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Mass Wasting

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Physical removal of material by mobile agents- water, wind, ice

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Erosion

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Occurs where rock is mechanically fragmented and/or chemically altered

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Weathering

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Accomplished by phycial forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition

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Mechanical Weathering

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Involves a chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds

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Chemical Weathering

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Breaking down in mechanical weathering ______ surface area available for chemical attack

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Increases

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3 physical processes

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1. Wedging
2. Expansion resulting from unloading
3. Biological activity

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Sections of rocks wedged loose and tumbled into piles. Form steep rock outcrops

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Talus slopes

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Onion like layers in unloading

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Sheeting

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Unloading occurs i nlarge masses of ____ rocks

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Igneous

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Break down rock components an internal structures of minerals. Convert constituents to new minerals or release them to surrounding environment

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Chemical weathering

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Most abundant continent rock

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Granite

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End product of chemical breakdown of feldspar. Very stable under surface conditions.

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Residual Clay minerals

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V resistant to weathering. Component of granite.

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Quartz

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Weathered rocks have rounded shape

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Spheroidal weathering

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Rates of Weathering influenced by

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1. Rock characteristics
2. Climate
3. Differential weathering

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Portion of regolith that supports the growth of plants. Combo of mineral an organic matter, water, air.

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Soil

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1/2 of soil

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Disintegrated and decomposed rock and humus

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The decayed remains of animal and plant life. Enhances soil's ability to retain water

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Humus

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Soil is product of complex interplay. 5 items

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1. parent material
2. Time
3. climate
4. plants and animals
5. topography

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2 types of possible soil

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1. Underlying bedrock- residual soils
2. Undonsolidated deoposits- transported soils

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Factors that influence soil from parent rock

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1. type of parent material affects rate of weathering and rate of soil formation
2. affects soil fertility

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most influential factor of soil

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Climate

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Soil Profile layers

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O
A
E
B
C

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Topsoil = which layers?

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O
A

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Solum= which layers?

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O
A
E
B

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Soil moved by thin sheets of water

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Sheet erosion

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Rates of erosion

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1. Soil characteristics
2. Climate
3. Topography
4. Type of vegetation

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Outcomes of Soil erosion

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1. Lower productivity
2. Poorer crop quality
3. Reduced agricultural income