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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does leaching happen |
The E horizon of soil |
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Where does elevation happen |
The E horizon of soil |
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What is Mass Wasting |
The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity |
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What is chemical weathering |
The chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds |
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How does chemical weathering alter the internal structures of a rock? |
by removing or adding elements |
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What is the most important agent in chemical weathering |
water |
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What is mechanical weathering |
breaking rocks into smaller pieces |
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What is frost wedging? |
the expansion on freezing wter |
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What is regolith |
rock and mineral fragments |
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what does regolith do? |
Supports the growth of plants |
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What is in the O horizon of soil? |
Loose and partly decayed matter |
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What is in the A horizon of soil? |
Mineral matter mixed with some humus |
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What is the E horizon of soil? |
Eluvation and leaching |
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What is in the B horizon of soil |
Clay that is transported from above horizons |
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What is in the C horizon of soil? |
partially altered parent material |
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What size particles does clay have? |
small sized |
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What size particles does silt have? |
Medium sized |
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What size particles does sand have? |
Large sized |
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What is loam? |
a mixture of all three soil types |
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What is the parent material of residual soil? |
Bedrock |
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What happened to the parent material of transported soil? |
It has been carried from somewhere else & deposited |
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What is a slump? |
A rapid movement along a curved surface |
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What is a rockslide? |
When blocks of bedrock move down a slope? |
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What is debris flow? |
A rapid flow of debris with water |
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What is a creep? |
A slow movement of soil and regolith downhill |
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What is a laharas |
Debris flow that is composed mostly of volcanic material
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What is solifuction |
Slow movement in areas underlain by permafrost |
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What happens in solifuction |
When the upper soil layer becomes saturated and slowly flows over a frozen surface below |
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What processes are involved in the water cycle |
Precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, runoff, & transpiration |
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What is a drainage basin |
land area that contributes water to a river system |
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What is a divide |
It separates drainage basins |
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What are the four common drainage patterns |
dendritic, rectangular, radial, trellis |
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What are the factors determine velocity |
gradient and discharge |
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What does gradient mean? |
The slope of an area |
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What is discharge? |
the volume of water flowing in the stream |
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What does the profile of a stream include? |
From the head to the mouth |
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What is the stream's load? |
The transported material |
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What can the transported material in a stream include? |
Dissolved, suspended & bed particles |
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What is the competence of a stream? |
The stream's max particle size |
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What is the capacity of a stream? |
The max load |
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What is a bedrock channel? |
A channel that is cut into a strata |
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What is in an alluvial channel? |
Loosely consolidated sediment |
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What do meandering streams do? |
move in sweeping bends |
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What is a braided stream? |
Complex network of channels |
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What is the base level of a stream? |
The lowest point a stream can erode to |
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What are the characteristics of narrow valleys? |
rapids & waterfalls |
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What are the characteristics of wide valleys? |
floodplains, meanders, cutoffs, and oxbow lakes |
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What have engineers been using to control floods? |
artificial leaves, flood-control dams, and channelization |
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What does the dissolving of groundwater produce? |
sinkholes and caverns |
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What is a water table |
the limit of the zone of saturation |
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What is porosity |
the percentage of pore spaces |
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What is permeability |
the ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces |
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What is an aquitard |
an impermeable layer of material |
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What is an aquifer |
a permeable layer of material |
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How many degrees hotter is a hot spring that the regular temperature |
10-15 degrees |
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How are hot springs heated |
by the cooling of igneous rocks |
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What can pumping wells cause? |
lowering of the water table & cones of depression |
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What are artesian wells |
wells that have water that is higher than the groundwater level |
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How are caverns formed? |
by dissolving rocks beneath earth's surface |
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where are caverns formed? |
in the zone of saturation |
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what are caverns composed of? |
dripstone |
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where do stalactites hang from |
the ceiling |
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where do stalagmites hang from? |
the floor |
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How are Karst topography's formed |
by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth's surface |
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what are sinkholes |
surface depressions |
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What is a glacier |
A thick mass of ice that forms over land |
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What is a valley glacier |
A glacier that forms in mountainous areas |
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What is an ice sheet glacier |
a large scale glacier |
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Give an example of a type of glacial movements |
plastic flow |
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What is a Zone of Fracture |
where the crevasses form in brittle ice |
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What is the Zone of Accumulation |
The area where a glacier forms |
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What is the Zone of Wastage |
The area where there is a net loss due to melting |
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How do glaciers erode |
By plucking and abrasion |
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What is plucking? |
The lifting rock blocks |
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What is rock flour |
pulverized rock |
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What are striations |
grooves in bedrock |
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What is till |
material that is deposited directly by ice |
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What is stratified drift? |
sediment deposited by meltwater |
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What are moraines |
layers of ridges of till |
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When did the Ice Age occur |
2-3 million years ago |
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What is pleistocene epoch |
the division of geological time |
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How much of earth was covered during the Ice Age |
30% |
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What is eccentricity |
the shale of the earth |
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what is obliquity |
the angle of the earth's axis |
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What does ephemeral mean |
streams that only flow during rainfall
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What is deflation
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lifting of loose material |
