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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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effusive eruption
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characterized by long fluid flows, low viscosity lavas
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explosive
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characterized by ash and tephra; high viscosity lavas
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pahoenoe lava
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smooth, wrinkled crust, resemble twisted stands of rope. (ropey texture)
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aa lava
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rough and jagged surface caused by the continual escaping of gases
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pillow lava
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has billowly external formed caused by lava moving forward by breaking through a hardened surface formed as a result of rapid cooling under water.
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ash
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very fine grained <2mm broken glass shards
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lapilli
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pea-walnut sized pyroclastic (2-64mm) cinders fragment > 100mm
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bomb
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ejected molten material that solidates in the air > 6cm (lava fragments)
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block
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solid rocks of older volcanic material thrown off side of the volcano
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pyroclastic material
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Rejected and pushed upwards as a function of the muzzle velocity
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cinder cones
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Pyroclastic material from a central vent. Have much steeper slopes than shield volcanoes
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Flood eruptions
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No central vent - fissure or crack
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Calderas
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Massive explosive eruptions may empty the magma chambers below the volcano, or create and instability of some other sort.
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Ash fall
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A rain of airborne ash resulting from a volcanic eruption
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Ash flow
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An avalanche of volcanic ash
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Lahars
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A landslide of wet volcanic debris on the side of a volcano
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Lava flow
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Lava from a volcano
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regolith
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Layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering - covering solid rock
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soil
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Combination of mineral and organic matter water air: supports the growth of plants
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Hummus
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Decayed remains of animal and plant life
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Alluvium
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Transported cover - wind, glacial, volcanic ash, marine, and gravity flow processes
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Topography
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Effects amount of surface area exposed
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What does breakdown of calcite do at Earth's surface
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Limestone dissolves in acid so it makes cave
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What does the breakdown of feldspar do at the earths surface
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Granite weathers and produces clay and makes huge agricultural areas
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Earthquakes measured by:
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Seismograph
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Inflation measured by:
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Tiltmeters
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Gas concentrations measured by:
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Spectrometer
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Remote sensing monitored by:
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Satellite
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Mechanical weathering
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Disintegration of rocks at or near the Earth's surface, accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller pieces - without changing the mineral composition
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Chemical decomposition
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Decomposition of rock at or near the Earth's surface, involves chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds
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Examples of mechanical weathering
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Frost wedging, root and salt wedging, and expansion. Also thermal expansion biological activity.
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dissolution
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Acid rain
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Hydrolysis
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Reaction with water: silicates
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Oxidation
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rust
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exfoliation
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Results when rocks formed at death are exposed at the ground surface
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Abrasion
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The wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water wind or ice
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Mineral stabilities
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The relationship between conditions of formation and conditions during weathering - minerals are most stable under the conditions under which they were formed.
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Weathering of kspar and granite
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Hydrolysis produces clay and quartz in solution in K feldspar and micas
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Hydrolysis
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Water breaks cation bonds and silicate minerals yields: dissolved cations and alternative residues ( clay minerals)
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Oxidation
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A reaction where by a metal lose electrons - important process in mafic silicate decomposition
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Hydration
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Absorption of water into a mineral structure - result in a volume increase - expansion
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kaolinite
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Forms in warm humid conditions - form by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of aluminosilicates
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Aluminosilicates
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Main clay
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smectite group
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Swelling clay forms in cool dry conditions - by alteration of volcanic ash
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illite
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Forms under variable conditions - combination of clay and mica - main component of many shales
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What differential rate of weathering are determined by:
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Temperature, humidity, air pollution, and acid rain
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Thickness of soil at a given latitude depends on:
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Composition of substrate, steepness of slope, duration of soil formation, latitude
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sediments
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Weather debris of pre-existing rock that are carried away and deposited
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Transportation
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Movement of sediments from source area towards the positional area as solid particle or in solution
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lithification
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Compaction and cementation of sediments as they are buried forming sediment rock
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sediment types (2)
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clastic and chemical
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clastic
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(pretrial) sediments derived from the solid products of mechanical and chemical weathering
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Chemical
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Crystalline - sediments formed as a result of inorganic or bio chemical precipitation of materials dissolved during chemical weathering
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Composition
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Tell source of material
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Grain size
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Velocity in which it was deposited and distance traveled
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Grain orientation
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Tell paleo current directions (wind/water moving)
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Grain packaging
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Grains orienting themselves tightly
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Size of Rock biggest to smallest
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Boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules
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Sand size
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Very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, silt, clay
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Sorting
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Maturity or aging of sediment
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Matrix - cement
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Keep rocks together (sandstones = dunes)
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breccia
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type of conglomerate. with angular fragments. hydrothermal close to the source
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Chemical or crystalline sedimentary rocks
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Formed by crystallizing, precipitation from a solution - as a consequence of the composition and conditions of formation
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Clastic sedimentary rocks
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Deposited in rivers and transportation agents like wind gravity and animals can be moved from their source to other sites
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Sedimentary structures include:
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Cross beds, ripple marks, graded bedding, feeding trails
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Changing environment means changing rock types:
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As environment shifts the sediments deposited reflect the shift but in vertical succession
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Metamorphism
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Transformation of pre-existing rock caused by heat pressure and chemically active fluids
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protolith
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Rock before metamorphic
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sequence of prograde metamorphism of a peltic clay rich rock
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slate- phyllite- schist- gneiss
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heat and stability
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Metamorphism occurs next to heat sources like intrusions.
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Pressure
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Directional stress such as stress is caused by mountain building activities, causes rock to either share or break "brittle failure"
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deform plastically
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bendfold
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plastic deformation
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Takes place at depths under not condition shearing and cool temperatures
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Chemically active fluids
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Mostly common in water from around or within mineral crystals -
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metasomatism
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Aids minerals transformation by acting as a medium for ion exchange
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Foliation
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Parallel alignment of platy minerals. Caused by alignment of mineral crystal in response to stress.
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Breakage along foliation planes:
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Rock cleavage
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Contact metamorphism
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When a rock is in contact or close proximity to a hot magma body
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Hydrothermal metamorphism
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When cold rocks are injected with hot waters example fault zones
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cataclastic netamorphism
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Broken and distorted rocks caused by friction along a fault
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contact aureole
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Zones of equal metamorphic grade surrounding a pluton of other heat source
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Hydrothermal solution
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From used ions, substitutes for other ions, and add ions for new minerals. Released by solidification of magma.
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Angle of response
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Steepest slope that a pile of unconsolidated material can have and remain stable. Depends on the size and shape of grains
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For features that allow you to tell when a slump is developing
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Cracked walls and roof sinking foundation, over tight power lines, tilted utility poles, swampy low area, dead trees
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Types of mass wasting
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Rock fall debris fall, snow avalanche debris avalanche, Rock Slide debris slide, mudflow, slump, rock glacier creep solifluction
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coal
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Environment of deposition and conditions. examples peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
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breakdown of calcite equation
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CaCO3 + (H2CO3) ----> Ca + CO2 + H2O
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breakdown of feldspar equation
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k-feldspar + carbonic acid + water ---> kaolinite + potassium + bicarbonate + silica
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Classification of tephra
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Classified on pyrodast size any airborne pyroclastic accumulation
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sheild volcanoes
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large in size but low profile, high lava flow.
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cinder
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a partially burned piece of wood (material) that is no longer in flames
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volcanic gases
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mostly water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen
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nuee ardente
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an incandescent cloud of gas ash and lava fragments ejected from a volcano as part of pyroclastic flow
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O horizon
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Lease and partly decayed organic matter. First part of the topsoil
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A horizon
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Mineral matter mixed with some hummus. second part of the topsoil
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E horizon
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Light colored mineral particles. Zone of eluviation and leaching. Middle section or subsoil
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B horizon
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Accumulation of clay transported from above. The fourth layer.
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C horizon
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Partially altered parent material. 5th layer
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Bottom layer of soil profile
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unweathered parent material
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pedalfer
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Temperate, moderate rainfall causes leaching and accumulation
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pedocall
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Arid, low rainfall causes thin and soluble minerals and may now acumulate creating caliche
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laterite
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Tropical, heavy rainfall causes all reactive minerals dissolve or washed away leaving residue of Fe oxide or Al oxide. No accumulation
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evaporites
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A natural mineral deposits left after the evaporation of a body of water example calcite
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Carbonate
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Dissolved carbon dioxide
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Biochemical
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Biological material such as dead plant material, limestone
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Organic rock
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Made of fossils.
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Cementation
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Hardening and welding of clastic sediments
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Compaction
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Process by which a sediment progressively loses porosity or it space in material to the effects of loading
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Mudstone
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Low energy
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breccia
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Very high energy
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coarse sandstone
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moderately high energy
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