Geology

Front 1

acid rain

Back 1

rain formed when fossil fuels are burned and produce oxides that react with water and sunlight

Front 2

agents of erosion

Back 2

running water, wind, gravity, waves, glaciers

Front 3

body waves

Back 3

seismic waves that occur in the body of the Earth, including P waves and S waves

Front 4

Chemical weathering

Back 4

weathering that occurs when the chemical makeup of a rock changes

Front 5

cinder cone volcano

Back 5

steep-sided volcano, erupts with violent explosion

Front 6

composite volcano

Back 6

volcano characterized by violent eruption and many layers of deposits

Front 7

continental drift

Back 7

theory that states the Earth's continental and oceanic plates move

Front 8

continental shelf

Back 8

shallow underwater plain that borders continents

Front 9

convection current

Back 9

circular currents in the mantle

Front 10

convergent boundaries

Back 10

place where two plates are moving toward one another

Front 11

core

Back 11

center of Earth

Front 12

crust

Back 12

solid, outer layer of Earth

Front 13

delta

Back 13

fan-shaped landform caused by running water losing speed, usually found at mouth of river

Front 14

deposition

Back 14

process by which weathered materials are carried by erosion and deposited in new places

Front 15

divergent boundaries

Back 15

two plates are moving apart

Front 16

dome mountain

Back 16

mountain formed when magma has cooled and hardened beneat the Erth's surface and pushed upward

Front 17

earthquake

Back 17

jolting that occurs when two plates try to move past one another

Front 18

elevation

Back 18

height above sea level

Front 19

epicenter

Back 19

point on Earth's surface that is directly above the focus of an earthquake

Front 20

erosion

Back 20

process by which weathered material is moved form one place to another by wind, running water, waves, gravity, or glaciers

Front 21

fault

Back 21

weak point or fracture in Earth's crust

Front 22

fault-block mountains

Back 22

mountains created along fault lines by shifting, breaking, uplifting of Earth's surface during earthquake

Front 23

flood plains

Back 23

flat parts of river valley nexxt tot he channel which are built of sediment and flood when river overflows

Front 24

fold mountains

Back 24

mountains are formed by layers of rock being squeeze and bent into folds y Earth's plates converging

Front 25

fossil

Back 25

actual remains, petrified remains, carbon traces, or molded impressions of plants and animals that have been preserved, usually in rocks

Front 26

fossil mold

Back 26

hollow space left when sediment hardens around an object before it decays

Front 27

geologists

Back 27

scientists who study the process that form and change the Earth

Front 28

glacier

Back 28

moving mass of ice that forms when more snow falls in the winter than melts in the summer

Front 29

gravity

Back 29

only agent of erosion not in motion, the pull of things torward the Earth

Front 30

hot spots

Back 30

areas in the Earth's plates where magma pushes through a weakness in the crust, usually forming a volcano

Front 31

igneous rock

Back 31

fiery rocks, rocks taht form from melted minerals as magma cools

Front 32

inner core

Back 32

center of Earth, thought to e made of solid spherical core

Front 33

latitude

Back 33

imaginary lines running east and west, locating points north or south of the equator

Front 34

lava

Back 34

molten material that has been forced through the Earth, usually through a volcano

Front 35

longitude

Back 35

imaginary lines running north and south, perpendicular to the equator

Front 36

magma

Back 36

molten rock under the Earth's surface

Front 37

mantle

Back 37

thick middle layer of the Earth between the crust and the core

Front 38

metamorphic rock

Back 38

rock that forms when existing rock is changed by extreme heat and pressure

Front 39

mid-ocean ridge

Back 39

world-circling system of mountain ranges on the ocean floor where molten rock rises, solidifies, adds to the sea bed and widens the sea floor

Front 40

mountain

Back 40

land that is at least 2000 feet above sea level, with sttep sides, long slopes, at least two different areas or climate or life

Front 41

ocean floor spreading

Back 41

divergent plate movement on the ocean floor that results in mid-ocean ridges

Front 42

outer core

Back 42

center of Earth thought to be liquid, surrounds solid inner core

Front 43

P Waves

Back 43

primary waves, seismic body waves that travel forward in straight, push-pull fashion

Front 44

Pangaea

Back 44

super continent formed 200 million years ago

Front 45

peak

Back 45

top of volcano or mountain

Front 46

physical weathering

Back 46

weathering that occurs when the size and shape of rocks change through change sin temperature or growth of plant roots

Front 47

pillow lava

Back 47

lava cooled rapidly under water

Front 48

plates

Back 48

rigid blocks of Earth's crust and upper mantle

Front 49

plate tectonics

Back 49

theory of plate movement

Front 50

Richter scale

Back 50

scaled based on numbers 1 to 10 that measures energy released by earthquake

Front 51

Ring of Fire

Back 51

major earthquake and volcanic zone that forms almost a circle around Pacific Ocean

Front 52

runoff

Back 52

rainwater that flows over the EArth's surface and empties into streams and rivers

Front 53

S Waves

Back 53

secondary waves, seismic body waves that travel in an S shape

Front 54

sea level

Back 54

zero elevation

Front 55

sediment

Back 55

particles of soil, rocks, and minerals moved by erosion, called silt, sand, gravel, or clay depending on the size of the particles

Front 56

sedimentary rock

Back 56

rock that forms from pieces of other rocks or remains of once-living things by pressure, forms layers over many years

Front 57

seismic waves

Back 57

shock waves of energy released by an earthquake

Front 58

seismometer

Back 58

tool used to capture motion of earthquake

Front 59

shield volcano

Back 59

gently sloping sides, layers of hardened lava, typically slow moving eruptions

Front 60

soil

Back 60

top layer of Earth's surface made up of weathered rocks and materials

Front 61

subduction zone

Back 61

region where oceanic plate is pushed beneath the continental plate, place of lots of volcanic activity

Front 62

surface waves

Back 62

slowest, but most dangerous, type of seismic wave that rolls along surface of Earth

Front 63

transform faults

Back 63

voundaries at which plates move past one another horizontally

Front 64

tremor

Back 64

slight movement of Earth, very small quake

Front 65

trench

Back 65

long, narrow valley on ocean floow found along a subduction zone

Front 66

tsunami

Back 66

Japanese for harbor wave, wave of water that sometimes accompanies earthquakes, volcanoes, and underwater landslides

Front 67

volcanism

Back 67

process that causes chemicsl, fertile soil, and minerals to be brought to the surface of Earth

Front 68

volcano

Back 68

mountain formed by accumulation of material that has erupted out of Earth's interior

Front 69

weathering

Back 69

breaking down of rocks and other materials on surface of Earth