Geology

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Types of Sedimentary Rocks

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Clastic and Chemical

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Clastic

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Made up of CLASTS (grains = detritus) and CEMENT (calcite, quartz, or hematite).
Cementation due to DIAGENESIS

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Chemical

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Made of chemical or evaporite sediments; most such rock made up of just one mineral species...
EX: Limestone, dolomite, evaporites

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Mechanical Weathering

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Big to little particles -NO CHEMICAL CHANGE!

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Chemical Weathering

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Dissolution of minerals, or formation of new minerals that are more stable at the lower temperature, lower pressure, and higher moisture at the earth's surface.

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Transportation for clastic rocks

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Physically transported by wind, water currents, flowing glacier ice, and/or gravity.

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Depositon for clastic rocks

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Transportation energy is insufficient to move the particle.
As transportaion energy decreases, the larger (heavier) particles are deposited first.

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Transportation and Deposition for chemical sedimentary rocks

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Sediments come from precipitation out of solution by biological activity, chemical changes, or evaporation.

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Diagenesis

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Changes that occur after deposition at low temperature and pressure that turn loose sediment into sedimentary rock.

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Particle Size: Clay

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Very fine-grained

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Particle size: Silt

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Fine-grained

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Particle size: Sand

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Medium-grained

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Particle size: Gravel

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Coarse-grained

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Particle size indicates...

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The energy of the transportine medium. the LARGER the size of grains in a clastic rock, the MORE ENERGY it takes to move that particle to the place of deposition.

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Angularity: Well-rounded

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All corners of a grain are rounded off

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Angularity: Angular

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All corners of a grain are still sharp (pointed).

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What does angularity tell us?

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The more the corners of an individual grain in a clastic rock are rounded, the longer the distance the grain has been transported.

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Sorting: poorly sorted

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Large and small grains jumbled together.
Poor sorting suggest that the particless have not been tranported very far.

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Sorting: well-sorted

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All grains are the same size.

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Sedimentary Structures: Stratification

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Horizontal layhering at time of deposition

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Sedimentary Structures: Ripple marks

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Undulatory structures due to wind/water current

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Sedimentary structures: Cross-bedding

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Inclined layering withing a horizontal bed due to ripple mark rem-nants

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Sedimentary Structures: Fossils

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Evidence of past life

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Sedimentary Structures: Mud cracks

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When mud dries, it shrinks and pulls apart from itself, forming polygonal columns

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Name: Arkose
Distinctive Features: Typically angular and coarse. may contain mica or other granitic consituents.
Energy of Environment of Deposition: Near to granitic source rock, typically in alluvial fan or floodplain.

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Name: Siltstone
Distinctive Features: Fine-grained rock with slightly gritty feel. Separates along bedding planes with difficulty.
Energy of Environment of Deposition: Low- to moderate- energy aqueous environment: river, nearshore marine. may be wind-blown material.

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Name: Quartz Sandstone
Distincitive Features: Highly variable: rounded or angular quartz grains, with or without distinct stratification or sidimentary structures, lithified by cement with numerous possible colors.
Energy of Environment of Deposition: beach or nearshore deposit, poin bar in river meander, certain alluvial plains. Sand dune or other wind-blown deposit

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Name: Conglomerate
Distinctive Features: Rounded grains up to boulder size (or larger), set in a matrix of finer material.
Energy of Environment of Deposition: High-energy: tream bed subjet to violent flooding, steep slope whether above or below sea level.

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Name: Rock Gypsum
Distinctive Features: Can be scratched by fingernail. chiefly in compact granular masses. may exist as transparent slabs.

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Name: Breccia
Distincive Features: Similar to conglomerate, except that fragments are angular
Energy of Environment of Deposition: LImited transport of fragments.

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Name: Rock Salt
Distincitve Features: Rock form halite. Normally a coarse crystalline aggregate. Colorless, or pale orange or rarely other colors.
Environment of Deposition: Low-energy site of evaporation of natural waters: coastal marine or desert intermittent lakes.

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Name: Coal
Distinctive Features: Dark brown to black, low density. Commonly banded. May contain recognizable plant remains. Tendency to crumble.
Environment of Deposition: Decomposed and altered remains of plants deposited in marshes, swamps, or estuaries.

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Name: Shale
Distincive Features: Smooth feel because particles are very small. Splits easily along closely-spaced bedding planes.
Energy of Environment of Deposition: Low-energy aqueous environment: lake, continental shelf, lagoon, deep marine.

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Name: Limestone
Distinctive Features: Reacts vigorously with cold dilute HCI. Typically light-colored. May have body fossils and trace fossils.
Environment of Deposition: Evaporite; organic or inorganic precipitation in marine water (deep ocean floor, reef, lagoon, intertidal zone) or fresh water (cavern, hot spring).

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Name: Chert
Distinctive Features: Massive. Conchoidal fracture. Broken surfaces resemble unglazed porcelain.
Environment of Deposition: Deep ocean ooze of microscopic siliceous shells of single-celled organisms. Inorganic precipitation from sea water. Replacement of pre-existing carbonate.

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Name: Coquina
Distinctive Features: Shell fragments cemented with calcite.
Environment of Deposition: Shallow high-energy marine setting with abundant shell-building organisms.