Geology 1406 Test 2

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Permineralization

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Permineralization occurs after burial, as the empty spaces within an organism (spaces filled with liquid or gas during life) become filled with mineral-rich groundwater and the minerals precipitate from the groundwater, thus occupying the empty spaces.

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recrystallization

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a metamorphic process that occurs under situations of intense temperature and pressure where grains, atoms or molecules of a rock or mineral are packed closer together, creating a new crystal structure. The basic composition remains the same.

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Replacement

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formed when an organism or part of an organism is buried within sedimentary strata and its original chemical make-up is altered by mineral solutions, which, molecule by molecule, replace organic compounds with more stable minerals such as silica or calcite.

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Gastrolith

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rocks, which are or have been held inside the digestive tract of an animal.

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Evolution

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the change in a population's inherited characteristics or traits from generation to generation.

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Inheritance of acquired characters

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he hereditary mechanism by which changes in physiology acquired over the life of an organism (such as muscle enlarged through use) are purportedly transmitted to offspring. It is also commonly referred to as the theory of adaptation

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Natural Selection

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the process by which favorable traits that are heritable propagate throughout a reproductive population: individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with unfavorable traits.

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Allopatric speciation

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occurs when populations physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation such that if the barrier between the populations breaks down, individuals of the two populations can no longer interbreed.

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Phyletic gradualism

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The hypothesis states that species continue to adapt to new challenges over the course of their history, gradually becoming new species.

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Punctuated equilibrium

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states that most sexually reproducing species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, it happens sporadically (by splitting) and occurs relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on earth.

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Evolutionary Trends

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Different organisms adopting to similar ways of life

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Phylogeny

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the development of an organism exactly mirrors the evolutionary development of the species.

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Divergent Evolution

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When an interbreeding population gives rise to diverse descendents

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Parallel evolution

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Development of similar characteristics in closely related organisms

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Cladisitics

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The study of the relationshops between organisms. These relationships are communicated via cladiograms

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Extinction

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The fact or state of being of dying out or having no living descendants

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Pseudoextinction

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When a species evolves to be so muc hdifferent than the parent species that it is considered exstinct

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Mass extinction

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Multiple groups of organisms die simltaneously

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Linnaean taxonomy

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classifies living things into a hierarchy, originally starting with kingdoms. Carl von Linne created this

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Taxonomy

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is the practice and science of classification.

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Kingdom Monera

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Single celled creatures without a nucleus

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Kingdom Protoctistsa

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Single celled creatures w/nucleus

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Kingdom Fungi

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Mushrooms etc

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Kingdom Animalia

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Multicellular organisms that obtain energy from consuming other organisms

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Kingdom Plantae

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Plant kingdom

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Phylum Porifera

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Sponges

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Phylum Cnidaria

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Coral

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Phylum Brachiopoda

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Brachiopods

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Phylum Bryozoa

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Microscopic creatures

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Phylum Mollusca

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Nautilus, snails

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Phylum Arthropoda

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Crestaceans, shrimp, crab

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Phylum Echinodermata

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Sea urchin, sand dollars

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Phylum Chordata

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Backboned creatures

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Radioactive Decay

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The process where an unstable isotope transforms into a stable isoptope

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Alpha Decay

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loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from nucleus

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Beta Decay

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electron is emitted from nucleus causing a neutron to change to a proton

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Electron capture decay

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Proton captures an electron from an electron shell and converts proton to a neutron

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Uranium 238

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Lead 206

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Uranium 235

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Lead 207

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Thorium 232

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Lead 208

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Rubidium 87

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Strontium 87

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Potassium 40

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Argon 40

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Carbon 14

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Nitrogen 14

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Fission Tracks

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a radiometric dating technique based on analyses of the damage trails, or tracks, left by fission fragments in certain uranium bearing minerals and glasses.

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Solar Nebula

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a term used in astronomy to denote the cloud of gas and dust left over after the formation of the Sun which eventually formed the moons and planets.

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Planetesimal

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A widely accepted theory of planet formation, the so-called planetesimal hypothesis of Viktor Safronov, states that planets form out of dust grains that collide and stick to form larger and larger bodies.

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Protoplanets

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moon-sized planet embryos within protoplanetary discs.

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Moho (Andrija Mohorovic)

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the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle.

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Low-velocity Zone

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Regions of the asthenosphere that cause seismic waves to travel slowly

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Lithosphere

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the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet.

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Outer core

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liquid

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Inner core

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Solid

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What is the average density of the earth

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The continents are compoosed mostly of granite at about 2.7 g/cm3 oceanic crust being basaltic is 3.3-45 overall density is 5.5g/cm3. Dominatnly iron and nickle

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Oldest Crust

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Wyoming and China have crust 3.8-3.96 BYA. NW Canada rock is 3.96BYA and in Australia there is rock that is 4.1-4.2 BYA

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Oxygen from Photosynthesis

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Originally there was no oxgen bacteria created first oxygen. Cyanobacteria appeared in rock record around 3.5BYA 2.5-2.8 BYA there was enugh oxygen so that iron in rocks would rust

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Isostatic Loading

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By James Hall. Along the edge of the continent sedciment is deposited and pushes down on the crust. So under the crust folds up the earth slides and down folds up and creates mountain ranges

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Geosynclinal Theory

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By J.D. Dana A dperession in the earths crust adjacent to something. SEdiment accumulates in the depressions. If you can squeeze the circumference of the earth.

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F.B. Taylor

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1908 the continents moved on the Earth's surface, that a shallow region in the Atlantic marks where Africa and South America were once joined, and that the collisions of continents could uplift mountains.

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Alfred Wegner

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he publicly advocated the theory of "continental drift", arguing that the continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean were drifting apart.

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A. L. Du Toit

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Said that fossil evidence suggessts continents drifted apart

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Resistance to Continental Drift

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Uniformitarian views made this seem like it wasa result of catstyrophic processes so that it probably wasnt right