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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for molten rock material below ground?
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Magma
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What is the term for molten rock aboveground?
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Lava
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What is the term for igneous rocks that form above ground?
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Volcanic
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What is the term for igneous rocks that form below ground?
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Plutonic
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What is the term for the measure of a liquid's resistance to flow?
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Viscosity
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What is the general term for igneous landform that forms underground?
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Pluton
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What is the term for the increase in Earth's temperature with depth?
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Geothermal Gradient
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What is the term for the size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains?
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Texture
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What is the term for magma with over 65% silica?
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Felsic
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What is the term for magma with 45-52% silica?
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Mafic
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What is the term magma with around 52-65% silica?
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Intermediate
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What is the term for texture where minerals are too small to see?
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Aphanitic
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What is the term for texture where minerals are clearly visible?
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Phaneritic
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What is the term for texture with mix of mineral sizes, some clearly visible?
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Porphyritic
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How long does it take for Plutons to cool off?
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1,000's-1,000,000's years to cool off
thousands to millions of years to cool off. |
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Why does it take Plutons thousands to millions of years to cool off?
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Rocks are poor conductors of heat.
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Does water increase or decrease the temperature needed to melt rocks?
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Water DECREASES the temperature needed to melt rocks.
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Why does water decrease the temperature needed to melt rocks?
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Water helps to break chemical bonds in minerals.
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Do Aphanitic igneous textures generally indicate cooling above or below ground?
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Aphanitic igneous textures generally indicate cooling ABOVE ground
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Are there exceptions to Aphanitic igneous textures indicating cooling above ground?
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Yes, aphanitic igneous textures may form in shallow intrusions.
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What is the term for the type of texture that large amounts of water vapor and other gases in lava cause it to have?
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Vesicular Texture
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Andesite is formed from what kind of magmas?
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Andesite is formed from magmas of INTERMEDIATE composition.
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What is Andesite mostly composed of?
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Phagioclase
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Where does Andesite form?
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Andesite forms at CONVERGENT margins.
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Where do Felsic magmas cool?
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Felsic magmas cool within the CONTINENTAL crust.
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Do Felsic magmas cool rapidly or slowly?
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Felsic magmas cool slowly.
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What do Felsic magmas cool slowly into?
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Felsic magmas cool slowly to form GRANITE.
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What kind of texture does Granite have?
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Phaneritic
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Name the 3 main minerals found in Granite:
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1. Quartz
2. Potassium Feldspar 3. Plagioclase |
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Name the 2 important elements that are found in Complex Pegmatites:
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1. Lithium
2. Cesium |
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Name 3 minerals found in Complex Pegmatites:
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1. Rubidium
2. Beryllium 3. Tin 4. Muscovite |
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Name 3 gems found in Complex Pegmatites:
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1. Feldspar
2. Spodumene 3. Tourmaline |
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Generally, what kind of Plutons are Batholiths?
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Batholiths are generally COMPOSITE plutons
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How are Batholiths generally formed?
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Batholiths are formed by multiple intrusions of FELSIC or GRANITE magma
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Where are Batholiths generally formed?
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Batholiths are formed along CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES.
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Where do Ferromagnesium minerals form?
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Ferromagnesium minerals form on the DISCONTINUANCE SEQUENCE of Bowen's series
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What are the 2 types of magmas that Ferromagneium minerals most in common with?
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1. Ultramafic magma
2. Mafic magma |
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What are the 2 features that are the basis for most igneous rocks classification.
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1. Composition
2. Texture |
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Which of the following minerals is NOT found on Bowen's series?
1. quartz 2. olivine 3. plagioclase 4. calcite 5. biotite |
4. Calcite
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Why do phaneritic igneous textures form?
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Because phanertic igneous textures cool slowly.
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Why are quartz and potassium feldspar typically found in the same igneous rock?
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Because both quartz and potassium feldspar form at similar temperatures.
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How are igneous rocks named?
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Igneous rocks are named based on:
1. composition 2. texture |
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Why is Bowen's series useful?
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Bowen's series is useful because it EXPLAINS MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS.
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Name the 3 different textures that igneous rocks that cool rapidly may develop:
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1. aphanitic
2. vesicular 3. pyroclastic |
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Name 4 types of igneous rocks that cool slowly?
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1. gabbro
2. peridotite 3. granite 4. diorite |
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T or F
Igneous rocks that cool slowly include obsidian. |
FALSE,
Igneous rocks that cool slowly do NOT include obsidian |
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T or F
Mafic lava temperatures can exceed 1000 degress Celsius |
TRUE
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T or F
Mafic lava behaves as a liquid. |
TRUE
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T or F
Mafic lava has a relatively low viscosity. |
TRUE
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T or F
Mafic lava is generally less explosive. |
TRUE
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What mainly controls the viscosity in magmas and lavas?
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Silica content
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Why is Felsic Lava less common that Mafic lava?
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Felsic magma is more viscous.
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Where does magma form?
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Magma form in the:
1. Upper Mantle 2. Lower crust |
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T or F
The last minerals to form according to Bowen's series are low in iron and magnesium. |
TRUE
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Why are the last minerals to form according to Bowen's series low in iron and magnesium?
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Because Iron and Magnesium were used up to form Ferromagnesium minerals.
Remeber: Ferro means iron. |
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Magma can be created at spreading ridges by what 2 physical influences?
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1. Earth's natural heat
2. DECREASE in pressure |
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List the 4 influences that control the composition of an igneous rock:
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1. A parent magma composition
2. Crystal settling 3. Assimilation and magma mixing 4. Mineral crystallization sequence |
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What is the main difference between Gabbro and Basalt?
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Gabbro has more quartz.
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T or F
Sills are typically shallow intrusions. |
TRUE
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T or F
Sills are usually intruded into sedimentary rocks. |
TRUE
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T or F
Sills are tabular and concordant plutons. |
TRUE
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T or F
Sills are probably responsible for some increase in volcano size before eruptions. |
TRUE
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What is the term for concordant, mushroom shaped plutons?
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Laccoliths
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Name the 4 ways large Batholiths can form and move?
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1. Granitization in place
2. Stoping 3. Displacing and trading places with the rocks above. 4. Assimilation |
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What is the source for the largest plutons?
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Felsic magmas
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What is the term for the largest plutons?
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Batholiths
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T or F
Most magma never reaches the surface. |
TRUE
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T or F
Most magma is rich in carbonate. |
FALSE
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T or F
Most magma forms pyroclastic matter. |
FALSE
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T or F
Most magma contains at least 10% water. |
FALSE
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What are the 4 reason for a volcano erupting lava of different compositions?
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1. Magma mixing
2. Assimilation 3. Crystal settling 4. Mineral crystallization sequence. |
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What is the term for fragments erupted out of a volcano that fall through the air?
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Pryoclastic material
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T or F
Erupting lava temperatures are at least 9X that of boiling water. |
TRUE
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T or F
Erupting lava temperatures are impossible to measure. |
FALSE
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T or F
Erupting lava temperatures are cool enough for forest service trucks to safely drive over. |
FALSE
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T or F
Erupting lava temperatures are typically hotter than magma termperatures. |
FALSE
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T or F
Erupting lava temperatures are cooled extremely quickly by exposure to air. |
FALSE
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What source is Potassium Feldspar most likely to form in?
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Granite
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What happens to the shape of minerals in the discontinuous branch of Bowen's series with decreasing temperatures?
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With decreasing temperatures, minerals in the the discontinuous branch of Bowen's series change from ISOLATED TETRAHEDRA TO SHEET SILICATES.
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What are the 4 influences that the act of Melting depends on:?
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1. Composition
2. Temperature 3. Pressure 4. Amount of Water |
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Why does Partial Melting occur?
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Partial melting occurs because different minerals melt at different temperatures.
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What are the 3 reasons why Phaneritic Texture forms?
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1. Crystal growth rate exceeds nuclei formation rate
2. The magma cools slowly 3. The magma cools underground |
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What is the term for larger mineral crystals in a porphyry?
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Phenocrysts.
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T or F
Mount Rushmore is carved into Gabbro. |
FALSE
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T or F
Any magma is less dense than the rock it came from. |
TRUE
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T or F
Igneous rocks are mostly made of silicate minerals. |
TRUE
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T or F
Felsic lavas are viscous because silica tetrahedra slow and thicken the lava. |
TRUE
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T or F
Magma chambers are only found under convergent boundaries. |
FALSE
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T or F
The temperature at which rocks melt rises with increasing pressure. |
TRUE
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T or F
A single volcano will always erupt lava of identical composition since it all comes from the same magma chamber. |
FALSE
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T or F
Mineral grain size in an igneous rock records cooling history. |
TRUE
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T or F
Porphyry is an igneous rock that cooled at first slowly and then rapidly. |
TRUE
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T or F
Granite rocks are the primary source of god. |
TRUE
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T or F
Laccoliths and BAtholiths are usually felsic. |
TRUE
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