Geology 131 Study Guide Ch3

Front 1

What is the term for a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid?

Back 1

Mineral

Front 2

What is the term a solid with an order internal arrangement of atoms?

Back 2

Crystalline

Front 3

What is the term for an aggregate of minerals?

Back 3

Rock

Front 4

What is the term for anything that has mass and occupies space?

Back 4

Matter

Front 5

What is the term for the smallest subdivision of matter possible by chemical means?

Back 5

Atom

Front 6

What is the term for atoms of one element with variable number of neutrons?

Back 6

Isotope

Front 7

What is the term for an electrically charged atom that has lost or gained electrons?

Back 7

Ion

Front 8

What is the term for the smallest unit of a compound?

Back 8

Molecule

Front 9

What is the term the process that holds atoms to each other?

Back 9

Bonding

Front 10

What is the term for the mineral breakage along an internal plane of weakness?

Back 10

Cleavage

Front 11

What is the term for the mineral breakage along irregular surface?

Back 11

Fracture

Front 12

What is the term for the resistance of mineral to scratching?

Back 12

Hardness

Front 13

What is the term for the appearance of mineral in reflected light?

Back 13

Luster

Front 14

What is the term for the ratio of the mineral's weight to that of an equal volume of water?

Back 14

Specific gravity

Front 15

What is the term for the natural concentration of useful materials?

Back 15

Resource

Front 16

What is igneous rock granite mostly made of?

Back 16

nonferrousmagnesium silicate minerals

Front 17

Name 2 common nonferrousmagnesium silicate that make up igneous rock granite?

Back 17

1. quartz
2. feldspar

Front 18

T or F
Igneous rock granite is light colored because it is mostly made from nonferrousmagnesium silicate minerals.

Back 18

True

Front 19

T or F
Carbonate minerals include calcite and dolomite.

Back 19

True

Front 20

T or F
Carbonate minerals do not react with hydrochloric acid.

Back 20

FALSE
Carbonate minerals DO react with hydrochloric acid.

Front 21

T or F
Carbonate minerals form from dissolved materials in water.

Back 21

True

Front 22

What are the 3 particles that make up atoms:

Back 22

1. electrons
2. protons
3. neutrons

Front 23

What characterizes the type of element?

Back 23

The number of protons

Front 24

What equals an element's number of protons?

Back 24

Atomic number

Front 25

Name the 2 most common bonds in minerals:

Back 25

1. ionic bonds
2. covalent bonds

Front 26

To what group do the most common minerals belong to?

Back 26

silicate group

Front 27

What characteristic is unique amongst the silicate group of minerals?

Back 27

Silica tetrahedra

Front 28

What is the hardness of apatite?

Back 28

5

Front 29

What type of resources are exemplified by quartz sand and gypsum?

Back 29

nonmetallic resources

Front 30

T or F
A crystal has an unorganized internal arrangement of atoms.

Back 30

FALSE
A crystal has an ORGANIZED internal arrangement of atoms.

Front 31

What controls the shape of a crystal?

Back 31

A crystal's organized internal arrangement of atoms

Front 32

T or F
Matter has mass and occupies time.

Back 32

FALSE
Matter has MASS and occupies SPACE

Front 33

Name the 3 forms of matter:

Back 33

1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas

Front 34

Where is most of the mass of the atom located?

Back 34

Nucleus

Front 35

What is the term for the center of an atom?

Back 35

Nucleus

Front 36

What particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

Back 36

1. Protons
2. Neutrons

Front 37

What is the term for the result of when on mineral breaks along one or more flat surfaces?

Back 37

Mineral cleavage

Front 38

What is the term for when the shape the mineral grows in if left to grow freely

Back 38

Crystal form

Front 39

Which of the following is a mineral according to the geologic definition
1. sodium
2. water
3. pearls and amber
4. quartz
5. all of the above?

Back 39

4. quartz

Front 40

T or F
Atoms are smallest bits of matter that can be separated by chemical means.

Back 40

True

Front 41

T or F
Atoms occur naturally in over 90 different kinds.

Back 41

True

Front 42

T or F
Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Back 42

True

Front 43

T or F
Atoms are electrically neutral.

Back 43

True

Front 44

Name the 4 elements that the EArth is mostly made of:

Back 44

1. Iron
2. Magnesium
3. Silicon
4. Oxygen

Front 45

Name 4 common uses for minerals:

Back 45

1. Fertilizers and abrasives
2. Glass
3. Jewelry
4. Plaster

Front 46

What is the best way to tell amphibole from pyroxene?

Back 46

By the cleavage

Front 47

T or F
Gemstones are:
1. appealing
2. scarce
3. tough
4. minerals or rocks.

Back 47

True

Front 48

What particles of an atom are responsible for attracting and holding electrons?

Back 48

Protons

Front 49

Name the 2 physical properties of minerals that are most useful for mineral identification?

Back 49

1. Composition
2. Structure

Front 50

Why are the most common minerals on Earth silicates?

Back 50

Silicates and Oxygen are very common elements

Front 51

T or F
Mineral groups are recognized based on negative ion or compound ion.

Back 51

True

Front 52

Name the 4 shapes that Silica tetrahedra can form?

Back 52

1. single chains
2. double chains
3. sheets
4. 3-dimensional networks

Front 53

Name the 4 reasons Quartz is a very common mineral:

Back 53

1. Quartz is made of very common elements.
2. Quartz is hard to break down chemically.
3. Quartz is hard to break physically.
4. Quartz occurs in many common rocks.

Front 54

Why isn't color the best property to use to identify minerals?

Back 54

Because the same type of mineral may occur in several colors.
For example, Topaz occurs in both brown and blue forms.

Front 55

Which of the following is the hardest to scratch:
A. Quartz
B. Fluorite
C. Talc
D. Corundum
E. Gypsum

Back 55

D. Corundum

Front 56

Name the 4 cooling substances that form minerals:

Back 56

1. magma
2. hydrothermal solutions
3. hot spring water
4. underwater black smokers

Front 57

T or F
Mineral resources are nonrenewable.

Back 57

True

Front 58

T or F
Mineral resources are most common in industrial countries.

Back 58

FALSE

Front 59

T or F
Mineral resources are most common in nonindustrial countries.

Back 59

FALSE

Front 60

T or F
Mineral resources are easily replacible.

Back 60

FALSE

Front 61

Out of the following, which minerals does the US depend on imported supplies:
A. oil
B. Manganese
C. Cobalt
D. Nickel

Back 61

All of them

Front 62

T or F
Bond types in minerals control many of their properties.

Back 62

TRUE

Front 63

T or F
Bond types in minerals can involve sharing of electrons among atoms.

Back 63

TRUE

Front 64

T or F
Bond types in minerals can involve transfer of electrons to create ions.

Back 64

TRUE

Front 65

What does contrast in bond types within a mineral result in?

Back 65

Cleavage

Front 66

Cleavage and crystals can both produce geometric shapes and flat surfaces, how could you tell them apart?

Back 66

Break it.
If it breaks flat, it's cleavage.

Front 67

T or F
There are a limited variety of minerals on Earth because most elements are rare.

Back 67

TRUE

Front 68

T or F
There are a limited variety of minerals on EArth because only 8 elements are common in Earth's crust.

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

T or F
There are a limited variety of minerals on Earth because many combinations of elements don't occur.

Back 69

TRUE

Front 70

Are pearls considered minerals?

Back 70

No.

Front 71

What are pearls considered to be?

Back 71

Precious gems

Front 72

What animal makes pearls?

Back 72

Mollusks

Front 73

Chemistry, the interaction of atoms is a function of what particle?

Back 73

Electrons

Front 74

Why can atoms within the same element vary in mass?

Back 74

They can vary in number of neutrons

Front 75

T or F
Diamonds, crystals of network bonded carbon are compounds.

Back 75

FALSE

Front 76

T or F
Diamonds, crystals of network bonded carbon are elements.

Back 76

TRUE

Front 77

T or F
Diamonds, crystals of network bonded carbon are not minerals.

Back 77

FALSE

Front 78

T or F
Diamonds, crystals of network bonded carbon are formed through combustion at high temperatures.

Back 78

FALSE

Front 79

T or F
Diamonds, crystals of network bonded carbon are plasmas.

Back 79

FALSE

Front 80

T or F
Ferromagnesian silicates include both chain and isolated tetrahedra silicates.

Back 80

TRUE

Front 81

What is probably the best way to tell apart 2 different clear minerals that are both softer than glass?

Back 81

By their cleavage

Front 82

Why do Ferrromagnesian minerals tend to be denser than Feldspar?

Back 82

Because mineral properties are controlled by:
1. composition
2. internal strucutre

Front 83

T or F
Mineral wealth is an important factor in US economic success.

Back 83

TRUE

Front 84

Water is NOT matter because it is liquid.

Back 84

FALSE

Front 85

The sodium and chlorine in halite are held together by ionic bonds

Back 85

TRUE

Front 86

T or F
Inorganic means unnecessary or superfluous.

Back 86

FALSE

Front 87

T or F
Internal atomic arrangement controls cleavage and crystal shape.

Back 87

TRUE

Front 88

The mining of precious metals is a boom or bust business.

Back 88

TRUE

Front 89

The mica and clay minerals are single chain silicates.

Back 89

FALSE

Front 90

Most common minerals can be identified based on a few easily observable physical properties.

Back 90

TRUE

Front 91

Mineral identification is best done using several mineral properties in conjunction.

Back 91

TRUE

Front 92

Instatite and Olivine have similar compositions but different physical properties because their internal structures are different.

Back 92

TRUE