Geology 101: Chapter 2, Minerals

Front 1

What is Geology?

Back 1

The study of Earth including composition, behavior, and history

Front 2

Felsic

Back 2

High in Si, O, Al, Na, K, granite is the most falsic

Front 3

Mafic

Back 3

High in Mg, low silicate content, dark in color

Front 4

Minerals have 6 qualities. What are the 6?

Back 4

1. Homogenous, 2. Naturally Occuring, 3. Solid, 4. Definite chemical composition, 5. Crystalline structure, 6. Inorganic

Front 5

Homogenous

Back 5

same material throughout

Front 6

Naturally occuring

Back 6

not made by humans

Front 7

Solid

Back 7

maintain shape indefinitely

Front 8

Definite chemical composition

Back 8

has a known chemical formula

Front 9

Calcite

Back 9

CaCO(3)

Front 10

Quartz

Back 10

SiO(2)

Front 11

Crystalline Structure

Back 11

Atoms are arranged in an organized pattern (lattice)

Front 12

Polymorphs

Back 12

Minerals with the same chemical composition but different chemical structure (for example, graphite vs. diamond)

Front 13

Inorganic

Back 13

Minerals don't contain organize molecules

Front 14

Organic Molecules

Back 14

When a C is bonded to an H and other elements

Front 15

Crystals

Back 15

single, continuous piece of a molecule bounded by flat faces-- variable shapes due to arrangement of atoms.

Front 16

Crystal faces

Back 16

natural flat surfaces of crystals

Front 17

Cleavage Planes

Back 17

occur during breakage

Front 18

Covalent Bond

Back 18

Shared electrons

Front 19

Ionic Bond

Back 19

Transfer of Electrons, has a cation and an anion.

Front 20

Cation

Back 20

Charge +1 because its missing one electron

Front 21

Anion

Back 21

Charge -1 because its gaining one electron

Front 22

5 ways minerals form:

Back 22

1. Solidification of a Melt, 2. Precipitation from solution, 3. Solid-State diffusion, 4. Biomineralization, 5. Fumarolic Mineralization.

Front 23

Oxide

Back 23

Metal cation bonded to a oxygen anion

Front 24

Examples of Oxides

Back 24

Hematite: Fe2O3, Magnetite Fe3O4

Front 25

Sulfide

Back 25

Metal cation bonded to sulfide anion (S^2-)

Front 26

Examples of Sulfides

Back 26

Pyrite: FeS2, Galena PbS

Front 27

Sulfate

Back 27

Metal cation bonded to (SO4)2-

Front 28

Examples of Sulfate

Back 28

Gypsum: CaSO4

Front 29

Halide

Back 29

Anion is a halogen ion (Cl-, F-)

Front 30

Examples of Halides

Back 30

Halite: NaCl, Flourite: CaF2

Front 31

Carbonates

Back 31

Has a carbonate anionic group (CO3)2-

Front 32

Examples of Carbonates

Back 32

Calcite: CaCO3

Front 33

Native Metals

Back 33

Atoms of one metal kept together through metallic bonds

Front 34

Examples of Native Metals

Back 34

Cu (Copper), Au (Gold)

Front 35

Silicates

Back 35

Has a silicate anion (SiO4)4-, creates a tetrahedron, ionic bonds and covalent bonds

Front 36

Are silicates common?

Back 36

Yes, silicate materials form 95% of the crust.

Front 37

Are silicates diverse?

Back 37

Yes, the diversity is due to how tetrahedra link and share oxygen atoms.

Front 38

What are four ways silicates can form?

Back 38

1. isolated tetrahedra, 2. chains, 3. sheets, 4. framework

Front 39

Explain silicates in relation to being mafic and felsic

Back 39

Mafic silicates include single and double chains (olivine, pyroxene, or the amphibole group). Felsic minerals have less Fe+Mg and more Si, such as feldspar or quartz. They have more 3d frameworks.

Front 40

Rocks in relation to minerals

Back 40

Rocks are aggregates of minerals

Front 41

How many minerals make up the crust?

Back 41

8 to 12

Front 42

What are some methods to distinguishing minerals? (7)

Back 42

1. Luster (metallic / nonmetallic), 2. Color, 3. Streak, 4. Fracture or Cleavage, 5. Scratch with nail (soft?), 6. Specific gravity, 7. Special properties (salty=haltite, calcite reacts with HCl, magnetite is magnetic)

Front 43

Color of mineral

Back 43

Reflects how the mineral reflects light

Front 44

Streak of mineral

Back 44

color of the powdered mineral

Front 45

Luster of mineral

Back 45

The way a mineral scatters light (metallic / nonmetallic)

Front 46

Hardness of mineral

Back 46

Follows mohs hardness scale (use fingernail)

Front 47

Specific Gravity of mineral

Back 47

related to density, use hefting to test how heavy it seems in relation to its size.

Front 48

Fracture vs. cleavage of mineral

Back 48

Fracture= irregular breakage because bonds are equally strong in all directions. Cleavage= regular breakage with orientation of crystal structure (forms where bonds are weakest)

Front 49

Special Properties of minerals

Back 49

Calcite reacts with HCl, Halite tastes salty, Magnetite is magnetic.