Geology 101

Front 1

What Control a stream's velocity

Back 1

Channel Shape and Roughness

Front 2

1. Inwhat part of a large alluvial fan is the sediment the coarsest? Why?

Back 2

In the begging of the fan

Front 3

1. Describeone way that incised meanders form.

Back 3

Regional uplift shift in the land

Front 4

1. Howdoes an oxbow lake form?

Back 4

1. Happenswhen meander is cut off

Front 5

1. Howdoes a natural levee form?

Back 5

After a flood disperses the sediments remain creating these

Front 6

Describe three waysin which a river erodes its channel?

Back 6

Hydraulic action, solution andabrasion.

Front 7

1. Nameand describe the three main ways in which a stream transport sediment.

Back 7

Traction, Salutation and suspending

Front 8

1. Whatis base level?

Back 8

Limit of down-cutting

Front 9

Abrasion

Back 9

Grinding of stream channel by impact and friction of sed. load

Front 10

Drainage basin

Back 10

The total area drained by a stream and itstributaries

Front 11

Perched water table caused by

Back 11

It forms as ground water collects above a of less permeable shale with in a more permeable rock

Front 12

List several ways inwhich groundwater can become contaminated

Back 12

Heavy metals, oil, gas, animal waste,pesticides, fertilizers

Front 13

What controls thevelocity of groundwater flow

Back 13

The differences in water pressure and elevation

Front 14

Name several geologicmaterials that make good aquifers

Back 14

Sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, sand/gravel,basalt.

Front 15

What happens to thewater table near a pumped well

Back 15

Makes the cone of depression

Front 16

How does a confinedaquifer differ from an unconfined aquifer

Back 16

Confined is an area completely filled with watertrapped between two

Front 17

Spring

Back 17

where water flows naturally from rock onto theland surface

Front 18

recessional moraine vs terminal moraine

Back 18

Terminal moraine is the end moraine markingthe farthest advance of the glacier Recessional moraines is an end moraine built while the terminus of areceding glacier temporarily stationary

Front 19

How do recessionalmoraines differ from terminal moraines

Back 19

Terminal moraine is the end moraine markingthe farthest advance of the glacier Recessional moraines is an end moraine built while the terminus of areceding glacier temporarily stationary

Front 20

1. Howdoes the glacial budget control the migration of the equilibrium line?

Back 20

Gaining it moves down and losing moves up

Front 21

Ablation

Back 21

a. Under the influence of gravity glacier icemoves down and is lost most due to melting.

Front 22

Arête

Back 22

a. Sharp ridges that separate adjacent glaciallycarved valleys

Front 23

Cirque

Back 23

a. steep-sides, half-bowl shaped recess carvedinto a mountain at the head of a valley carved by a glacier.

Front 24

Erratic

Back 24

a. ice transported boulder that has not beenderived from underlying bedrock

Front 25

Esker

Back 25

An outwash of unusual shape associated with formerice sheets and some very large glaciers/ a long sinuous ridge of waterdeposited sediment

Front 26

Hornof unusual

Back 26

the sharp peak that remains after cirques havecut back into a mountain on several sides

Front 27

Kettle

Back 27

small glacier lake

Front 28

Outwash

Back 28

The material deposited by the debris-laden

Front 29

Plastic flow

Back 29

movement that occurs within the glacier due tothe plastic or deformable nature of the ice itself

Front 30

How is a baymouth barformed?

Back 30

A ridge of sediment that cuts a bay offfrom the ocean is formed by sediment migrating across what was earlier an openbay

Front 31

1. Howdoes sand move along a beach face when waves approach a beach at an angle? (candraw if that’s easier)

Back 31

Longshore current

Front 32

How do summer beachesdiffer from winter beaches? Discuss thereasons for these differences

Back 32

Summer beaches are better due to the factthere is a less frequency of storms

Front 33

1. Whatwould happen to the beaches of most coasts if all the rivers flowing to the seawere dammed? Why?

Back 33

Beaches woulderode away because there is nothing being deposited on the beaches anymore

Front 34

Describe how wavescan straighten an irregular coastline.

Back 34

Erodes away headlands and deposits in bays

Front 35

1. Describethe transition of deep-water waves into surf.>

Back 35

Particles gofrom orbital to elliptical to the point where is breaks over >

Front 36

1. Whatis longshore current? Why does it occur?

Back 36

A moving mass of water that developsparallel to shoreline. Occurs because of water approaching at an angle andwater comes back

Front 37

Barrier island

Back 37

a. ridges of sand that are parallel theshoreline and extend above sea level.

Front 38

Berm

Back 38

a. The upper part of a beach landward of theusual high water line/ wave deposited sediment platform that is flat or slopesslightly forward.

Front 39

Estuary

Back 39

drowned river mouths

Front 40

Fjord

Back 40

is a coastal inlet that is drowned glaciallycarved valley

Front 41

rip current

Back 41

are narrow currents that flow straight out tosea in the surf zone returning water seaward that breaking waves have pushedashore

Front 42

Spit

Back 42

a fingerlike ridge of sediment that extends outinto open water

Front 43

Stack

Back 43

a. are erosional remnants of headlands leftbehind as the coast retreats inland

Front 44

Tombolo

Back 44

A bar of sediment connecting a former island tothe mainland

Front 45

What are the threetypes of geologic resources?

Back 45

Metal Non-metal. Energy

Front 46

1. Whyis it likely that we will never run out of oil? If we never run out, why is it likely that we stop extracting oil as amajor resource someday?

Back 46

A lot of oil not discovered. A lot oil nottapped into yet. No sustainable renewable resource

Front 47

Contrast the geologic conditions responsible for the formation of coal, oil, and natural gas?

Back 47

All made from organic matter that had severpressure on it from several years

Front 48

Describe several ways in which ore deposits related to igneous process form.

Back 48

Mechanical weathering, Chemical weathering,Settling of crystals in magma chamber, crystal setting, Dissolution by watercan concentrate ores

Front 49

How can surface processes create ore deposits?

Back 49

Weathering removes mineral particles andkinetic energy of high velocity stream transports mineral particles wherekinetic energy drops

Front 50

Describe two ways in which resources are mined.

Back 50

Escavated anddrillingont-family:9

Front 51

· Principle of Original Horizontality, Principleof Superposition, Principle of Lateral Continuity, Principle of Inclusions,Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships, Principle of Faunal Succession

Back 51

Horizontally-sediments are deposited horizontally and deformation occurs afterSuperposition-each layer of an undeformed sedimentary sequence is -younger than the one beneath it& older than the one aboveLaterContinuity: layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions -strata that are similar, butseparated, were once continuous Principleof Inclusions- when a rock or deposit forms it may incorporate clasts of olderrock -Inclusions are older than the rockin which they are contained Crosscutting relationships- A disrupted pattern is older than the cause of disruption Fractures cross-cut rocks after rocksare deposited A disrupted pattern is older thancause of disruption. Dikes, sills, plutons and veinsintrude preexisting rocks A disrupted patter is older than thecause of disruption FaunalSuccession- Can different the different layers by the characteristics of thefossils /o:p><9

Front 52

· Unconformity: Angular unconformity, Nonconformity,Disconformityof thefoss

Back 52

Angular-horizontal upper beds overlie folded and eroded lower bedsNon-Sedimentary rock lies above eroded igneous or metamorphic rock Dis-between parallel layers of sedimentary rocklevel5 {mso-lZ%9