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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of mountain is Mauna Loa
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Volcanic Mountains
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What type of mountain includes the Alps, Urals, Himalayas, and Appalachians?
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Folded / Complex Mountains
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What type of mounatin is due to vertical uplift of basement rocks?
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Upwarped Mountainss
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What type of mounatin is due to tensional stresses?
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Fault-Block Mountains
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Nearly horizontal subduction beneath western North America may help explain the formation of which mountain ranges?
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Mountains of the Basin & Range Province and Middle & Southern Rockies
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In what type of environment does plastic deformation predominate?
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Deep in the crust where pressures and temperatures are high
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In map view, these folds point in the direction that they plunge
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Anticlines
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Rocks stressed beyond this point will suffer permanent deformation. What do we call this point?
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Elastic Limit
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Which type of fold is due to vertical forces and has the oldest rocks in the center or interior of the fold?
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Dome
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Which type of fold is die to compressional forces and has the youngest rocks in the center or interior of the fold?
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Syncline
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Which category of faults has primarily vertical displacement?
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Dip-Slip faults
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What do we call the fault block that is situated above the fault plane?
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Hanging wall / Hanging block
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What type of fault is due to compression?
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Reverse fault / Thrust fault
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What type of fault has predominantly horizontal displacement?
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Strike-Slip fault
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What type of fault results when the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall?
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Normal fault
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Most of the earths major mountain belts are associated with which type of plate boundary?
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Convergent plate boundaries
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Which concept describes the earths crust as floating in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle?
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Isotasy
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A mass of sediment that accumulates in trenches and becomes plastered onto the overriding plate.
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Accretionary Wedge
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The uplift of land after glaciers receed is an example of what mechanism?
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Isotastic Adjustment
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Name and describe the process which results in the formation of terranes.
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Continental Accretion: crustal fragment is carried on oceanic plate to subduction zone, peeled off, and accreted onto the continent
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What is the most common element in the earths crust?
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Oxygen
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Why isn't coal a mineral?
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Coal is organic and minerals are inorganic
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A solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly repeating three-dimensional pattern or lattice.
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Crystalline solid
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What is the most abundant mineral group and which 2 elements do all of its members contain?
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Silicate Mineral Group: all the minerals in this group contain oxygen and silicon
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Which are made of which?
Minerals Rocks Elements |
Minerals are made of elements.
Rocks are made of minerals. |
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What do we call the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding?
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Cleavage
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What physical property is due to the presence of impurities and therefore not a good diagnostic property?
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Exotic Color
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WHich mineral subgroup includes minerals that are generally dark and heavy? (high specific gravity)?
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Ferromagnesian Silicates
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Halite and Gypsum are included in this informal mineral group?
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Evaporite Minerals
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Name the nonferromagnesian mineral that has perfect cleavage in one direction
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Muscovite / Muscovite Mica
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What physical property requires rubbing the mineral across a unglazed tile?
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Streak
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Whichmineral group effervesces with dilute HCL?
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Carbonate Mineral Group
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What is the weight of a mineral compared to an equal volume of water called?
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Specific Gravity
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What physical property describes the quality of light reflected off the mineral's surface?
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Luster
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Which mineral has a vitreous luster, cubic cleavage, and a salty taste?
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Halite
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What is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust?
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Feldspar
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Glass, Obsidian, and Flint all display this style of breaking. What is it called?
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Conchoidal fracture
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What do we call the external geometric appearance of a mineral due to its internal arrangement of atoms?
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Crystal form
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Name the hardest mineral known. What is its hardness and whose scale is used?
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Diamond, has a hardness of 10, and is determined on the Mohs' Scale of Hardness
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Name two physical properties that calcite and dolomite share.
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The ability to effervesce with dilute HCL (calcite readily, dolomite if powered) and rhombohedral cleavage
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What are the two terms that are used to describe rocks that cool from erupted materials?
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Vlocanic / Extrusive
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Slower cooling of molten rock generally results in what?
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Larger crystals
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What feature of a rock refers to the size, shape, arrangement, and mutual inter-relationship among the individual grains?
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Texture
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This texture is a combination of two distinct crystal sizes/
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Porphyritic texture
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Rocks that are composed almost entirely of olivine and pyroxene are referred to as ?
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Ultramafic in composition
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Extremely quick cooling results in this texture which has no crystals and just unordered atoms.
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Glassy
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Which rock is aphanitic and mafic and is extruded at the mid-ocean redges?
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Basalt
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Name the texture which results from slow cooling, usually in a water rich environment.
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Pegmatitic texture
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Partial melting of a rock results in a magma with a composition that is more _______ than the rock being melted.
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Felsic or granitic/rhyolitic or nonferromagnesian-rich or silica-rich
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How and where does granite form?
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Granite forms deep underground in the continental crust from the slow cooling of felsic magma
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What is a vesicle?
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A hole or void in a volcanic rock due to the presence of gas bubbles in thelava
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Which igneous texture is indicative of two stages of cooling?
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Porphyritic Texture
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Which of the following igneous rocks is not aphanitic? Rhyolite, Diorite, or Basalt
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Diorite. It is phaneritic
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Which rock has the same texture as Rhyolite but is intermediate in composition?
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Andesite
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Name the process by which magmas of various compositions are generated from the early crystallization of some minerals.
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Fractional Crystallization or Crystal Settling
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What type of volcano is the smallest and and steepest?
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Cinder Cones
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How does a high silica content effect a magma's viscosity and eruptive style?
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More viscous and more explosive
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Name the type of volcano that includes Mount St. Helens, Mount Pinatube, and Mount Unzen.
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Stratovolcano / Composit Cone
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Which category of large pyroclastic materials is streamlined due to ejection in a molten state?
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Bombs
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What is the term for a volcanic vent that emits obly gases?
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Fumarole
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What type of volcano has a cataclysmic eruptive style?
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Stratovolcanoes or Composite Cones
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Which would be easier to run from, Pahoehoe or AA lava?
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Aa lava
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Name the type of volcano that includes Paricutin and SP Crater.
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Cinder Cones
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Which is the most abundant gas emitted during volcanic eruptions?
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Water Vapor
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What are the cones of Stratovolcanoes composed of?
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Layers of both Andesitic lavas and Pyroclastic materials
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Which volcanic hazard is also known as a Nuee Ardente or a glowing avalanche?
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Pyroclastic flow
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What do we call a volcanic eruption that erupts from a linear crack rather than a cylindrical vent?
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Fissure eruption
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Which type of plate boundary is associated with cataclysmic volcanism?
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Convergent plate boundaries that involve subduction
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What is the most likely place in California to experience a volcanic eruption?
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Mammoth Mountain, Inyo Craters area
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Which volcano erupted in 1815, causing "the year without a summer the following year"?
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Mount Tambora
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What 3 categories of materials are emitted from volcanoes?
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gases, lava, and pyroclastics
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What term is used to describe volcanic vents that extend very deep, possibly into the mantle?
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Diamond pipes
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The eruptive style of a volcano is primarily determined by what magma parameters?
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Silica content, gas content, and temperature
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The Columbia Plateau was formed by this type of flow. What is it called?
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Flood Basalt
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What is a volcanic mudflow called and why are they common on Stratovolcanoes?
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Lahar Stratovolcanoes are often covered with snow or ice which melts as the molten rock approaches the surface
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What is the erosional remnant that solidified in the central vent or pipe called?
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Volcanic Plug or Volcanic Neck
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Which intrusive Igneous structure often causes domes to form on the surface?
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Laccolith
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Which Plutonic body is the largest and often forms the roots of mountains?
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Batholith
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How did Crater Lake form? Why is it misnamed?
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Mt. Mazama erupted, emptying a good portion of its magma chamber. The cone collapsed to form a Caldera which filled with water
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Which Plutonic body is tabular and discordant?
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Dike
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