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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
As the West Antartic's and Greenland's ice sheet disintegrates and melts what will have to sea level?
it will rise
True or False: Many metro areas world-wide will be submerged in water if the sea level rises.
true
True or false: The magnetic pull on earth is changing, rotation is slower, and the moon is farther from earth.
true
What is the scientific method?
-gather available info
-generate hypothesis
-use hypothesis for testing and predictability
-if repeatedly confirmed, theory (evolution)
-if it stands test of time, may be considered a scientific law (gravity)
True or False: Plate tectonics is an old concept.
false; represents a huge jump in geology studies/ thinking
What is catastrophism?
-early idea of geologic processes
-large catastrophic event occurred
-eg. earthquake (now), meteorite
What is uniformitarianism?
-late idea of geologic processes
-processes going on now have gone on in the past and likely will in the future
What is the Big Bang Theory? (part one)
-12 billion years ago
-75% hydrogen, 25% helium
-expansion - red shift
-gravitational attraction - pockets of clusters forming suns with heat and pressure
What is the Big Bang Theory? (part two - after forming suns)
-suns fused gases into higher atomic number elements
-super novas blew elements into space
-new cycle of formation of planets and suns
-plants grew as space material coalesced and formed a gravity center that attracted additional space material
What is the Big Bang Theory? (part three - after planets grew)
-heat of compaction and radioactivity
-heat energy from collision with other planetismals
-earth's interior rose to the melting point of iron
-being more dense than other elements, iron sank to the core of earth
What is accretion?
an increase by natural growth or addition
What is differentiation?
iron melts and sinks, lighter material raise to earth's surface
What are the layers of earth?
-crust
-upper mantle
-lower mantle
-outer core
-inner core
What are the plate boundaries?
-divergent (slide away from each other)
-convergent (slide towards each other)
-transform (slide past each other)
True or False: Plates are constantly moving.
true
Define minerals.
naturally occurring inorganic solids consisting of one or more chemical elements in specific proportions whose atoms are arranged in a systematic internal pattern
What is an isotope?
one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons
Describe elements' placements on periodic table.
-elements become heavier as you move down periodic table
-left side have less electrons on outer orbit
-right side has more, except for gases
What is ionic bonding?
loss or gain of electrons. charged ions that attract each other
What is covalent bonding?
-sharing of electrons. carbon atoms in diamond and graphite
What is metallic bonding?
closely packed, electrons roam
What is intermolecular bonding?
covalent bonding, but molecules attracted to each other.
-eg. hydrogen bonds with water
What are Van der Waal bonds?
layers of carbon atoms bonded to each other.
-eg. gecko's ability to walk on ceilings and walls
When atoms and ions bond what is formed?
a mineral, known as a crystal
How are mineraloids formed?
when molten rock cools too rapidly (glass, eg. obsidian)
What factors control mineral formation?
-relative abundance of minerals
-relative sizes, etc of elements' atoms and ions
-temp and pressure at time of formation (higher temp = faster moving molecules)
-compositional variation- ionic substitution
-structural variation
True or false: Color of minerals is a reliable source for identification.
false
What are the types of mineral luster?
-metallic
-vitreous (glassy-like)
-earthy
What is the hardest mineral? Softest?
-diamond
-talc
What is a mineral's cleavage?
break along crystal structures where bonds are weakest (eg. table salt has cubic cleavage)
What is a mineral's fracture?
jagged irregular surface or conchoidal (quartz). bond strength is equal in all directions
Can you identify some minerals by smell and taste?
yes; eg. halite salty, sulfur - containing minerals smell like rotten eggs
What is a mineral's effervescence?
calcite with dilute HCL
What is a mineral's crystal form?
rosette-shaped barite, needle-shaped stibnite
What are the most abundant and readily combined elements on earth?
silicon and oxygen
What makes up 90% of earth's crust?
1,000 different silicate minerals
What are the silicate minerals? (5) and name chains for each.
-olivine (independent tetrahedra)
-pyroxene (single chains)
-amphibole (double chains)
-mica (sheet silicates)
-framework (framework silicates)
What are examples of non-silicate minerals?
-carbonates
-oxides (oxygen plus a metal, hematite, magnetite, tin, titanium, uranium)
-sulfides - metals
-sulfates - sheetrock
-native elements - usually don't bond well with other elements, size formation, etc (gold, silver, platinum, diamond)
-gemstones
What isotope is required to make nuclear bombs?
U-235
Periodic table and density of rocks.
Look up!
What is 95% of earth's outer 30 miles composed of?
igneous rock
What are the 4 types of classifications for igneous rock?
-phaneritic (visible - cooled slow)
-aphanitic (not visible - cooled fast)
-porphyritic (mixture)
-glassy (obsidian and pumice - cooled extremely fast)
What are examples of the dark end (dense) of spectrum for igneous rock? Light end (high silica)?
-Fe (iron), Mg, and calcium
-potassium and sodium
What makes magma more explosive? and why?
silica because more liquidy and more gases
Describe pumice.
-formed from lava flow
-can float in water
-has no crystals because they solidfy instantly
What is intrusic?
-plutonic
-cools slowly underground producing coarse-grained
What is extrusic?
-volcanic
-cools rapidly
How is magma created?
-as rocks are heated in earth, not all minerals melt simultaneously. heat breaks bonds between atoms
-pressure will hold crystal structures together. release pressure and melting can occur
-even a small amount of water can weaken bonds
What is a dike?
formation from volcano that cuts across rock layers
What are sills?
formation from volcano that goes along with rock layers
What is a volcano?
landforms created when molten rock escapes from earth's interior thru vent solidifies around those openings
What are the different statuses of volcanoes?
-active (below)
-dormant
-extinct
How many volcanoes are in the US?
53
What is pahoehoe lava flow?
-basaltic
-ropy
What is a'a' lava flow?
-basaltic
-rough or rubbly surface
What are the 3 basic types of lava flow?
-pahoehoe
-a'a'
-pillow
What is pillow lava flow?
lava vent coming out below sea water, blobs cooling in sea water
What are cooling joints (volcanoes)?
rock continues to cool and shrinks, and develops cracks in it (eg. Devil's Tower)
What are pyroclastic flows?
-nuee ardente
-volcanoes put up huge clouds of material. this compresses air which cause lava to flow in a certain direction
Describe pyroclastics.
-explosives - lava hurled in the air
-tephra on cooling - volcanic dust (fine), ash (sand sized), cinders, and bombs
-coarsest deposited closest to volcano
What is lahar?
-volcanic mudflow
-pyroclastic eruptions melt snow and ice on volcanic slopes, producing torrents of mud
Describe felsic and andesite lava flows.
-felsic - very strong
-andesite - strong
-more viscous than basalt lavas
-rarely see ropy structures
-impeding gas flow so major erruptions
True or false: The shorter the time between erruptions for a volcano, the worse the explosion.
False; the longer, the worse
What is mafic magma?
-magnesium and iron rich
-low viscosity
-mantle source - flood basalts and shield cones
What is felsic magma?
-feldspar and silica magmas and viscosities
-mix of sources
-trap gas
-composite cones
-explosive
What are harmonic sismic waves?
initiation of volcano begins
What are warning signs of a volcano erruption?
-ground water level changes
-changes in electic properties
-earthquakes
-increasing/decreasing gas production
-peak inflation
-volcano deflates
What kind of lakes do volcanic erruptions form? and describe them.
deep lakes with a CO2 source:
-high pressure at depths keeps gas in solution
-saturation of gas
-some triggering agent
-gas boils out - lower density (raises and bubbles) column
What super volcano is in the US?
Yellowstone
What are stratocones?
large cylindrical structures built up around a main tubular volcanic vent by more than one eruption. Stratocones can form large mountains and possess a distinctive layering of lava flows and tephra.