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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Geography
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is broadly applicable, interdisciplinary perspective that allows for the observation and analysis of anything distributed across earth space
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Physical Geography
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geography the focuses on the location, distributions, and spatial interaction of physical phenomena
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Areas of Physical Geography
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meteorologist, Climatologist, geomorphological, bio-geographers, soil scientists, hydrologists, oceanographers
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open system
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energy and matter input and output ex. human body or steam
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Closed system
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matter is contained within the system boundaries, just energy input/output
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4 subsystems of the earth
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atmosphere
lithosphere hydrosphere biosphere |
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atmosphere
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(sky) gaseous blanket of air that envelops, shields, and insulates Earth
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lithosphere
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(ground) the solid Earth, including landforms, rocks, soils, and minerals
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hydrosphere
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(water) waste of the earth system; oceans lakes, rivers, and glaciers
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biosphere
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(animals/humans) composed all living things
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negative feedback
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(inverse relationship) one change tends to offset another
self regulation: further production decreases growth ex. thermostat |
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positive feedback
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(direct relationship) encourages increased response
ex. electric guitar feedback |
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What are the reference marks for latitude?
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N. pole, S. pole, Equator
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What latitude also known as
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parallels
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____ degree of latitude = ____ miles
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1 ; 69
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range of latitude
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0 degrees to 90 degrees
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What are the reference marks for longitude?
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prime meridian and international date line
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where do the lines of longitude converge?
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N and S Poles
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What is the range of longitude ?
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0 - 180
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Longitude and Time Zones: ___ Hr = ____ degrees of longitude
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1; 15
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what is lat. and long. expressed as?
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degrees, minutes, and seconds
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What does the international date line follow?
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180th meridian
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Going east you ___ a day
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subtract
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Going west you _____ a day
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add
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Small scale
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shows large area and little detail
ex. map of US |
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Large Scale
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shows small area and greater detail
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topographic contour lines
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connects points on a map that are at the same elevation above mean sea level
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Contour interval
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constant difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines
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Plane of the Ecliptic
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earth moves in a constant plane in its orbit around the sun
ex. seasonal (summer solstice, winter solstice) |
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Perihelion
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Jan 3. closest to the sun
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Aphelion
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July 4 farthest from the Sun
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Long wave
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electromagnetic radiation emitted by earth in forms of waves more than 4 micrometers in amplitude
ex. heat re radiated by earths surface (microwaves, TV, radio, thermal infrared) |
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Short wave energy
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radiation energy emitted by the sun in the forms of waves less then 4 micrometers
ex. x rays, gamma rays etc. |
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Spring Equinox
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March 21
vertical ray over equator at noon, 12 hour (equal) days and nights everywhere between the poles |
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Summer Solstice
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June 21
Vertical ray over Tropic of Cancer (23.5) longest daylight of the year for Northern Hemisphere, 24 hour night for antarctic (66.5 S) 24 hours daylight within the arctic circle (66.4 N) |
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Autumnal Equinox
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Sept. 21
vertical ray over Equator at noon, 12 hour (equal) days and nights everywhere between the poles |
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Winter Solstice
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Dec. 21
vertical rays over tropic of capriocorn (23.5 S) longest daylight of the year for southern hemisphere, 24 hour night for Artic Circle (66.5) 24 hours daylight within the antarctic circle (66.5S) |
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Parallelism
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as the earth revolves around the sun, earths axis remains parallel to its former positions
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3 main gases in atmosphere ?
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Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (21%) Argon (1%)
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Troposphere
Miles? Height of ___? what happens ? |
5-10 miles, height of rain clouds, people live
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Stratosphere
a.k.a? temp? Miles? Ex? |
The ozone layer
Temp. constant, incereases with height bc of the absorptions of the UV radiation by the ozone layer 20 miles ex. aircrafts, parachute jumping |
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Mesosphere
temp? _____ layer? ex. ? |
temp. drops with increased altitude
coldest layer ex. fighter jets |
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Thermosphere
air ? ex? |
the air is really thin at this altitude and little heat is transferred
ex. space ships, satellites |
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Ozone layer
formed? O2 is split into two O atoms by ____? Steps? ____ Protects us from damaging UV Radiation |
Stratosphere
UV Radiation Step 1: 2O2 + 2O --> 2O3 Step 2: 2O3 --> 2O2 + 2O (using UV rad. ) O3 |
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Green House effect
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the primary reason for the moderate temp. on earth
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Albedo
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the capacity of a surface to reflect the suns energy
higher the albedo the more reflection the more solar energy the more is reflected back into space by earths surface, the less that is absorbed for heating the atmosphere |
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5 processes of Heat energy transfer
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Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Advection, Latent Heat of condensation
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radiation
Sun? Earth? |
heat transfer by waves
Sun- radiates shortwave radiation Earth- radiates long wave radiation |
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Conduction
ex? |
internal heat transfer
ex. when a pot heats up bc of a stove |
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Convection
Ex? |
vertical heat transfer
ex. when the air is moved in circle directions (toaster oven) |
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Advection
occurs by ____? |
horizontal heat transfer
wind |
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Latent Heat of condensation
ex. |
water vapor releases heat upon condensation
ex. the sky was clear of particulates we wouldn't have cloud |
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What are control for earths temp. and latitude ?
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temp. typically cools as you move away towards the poles from the equator
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What are control for earths temp. and land and water distribution?
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the closer to water the more moderate your temp. are
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What are control for earths temp. and Ocean Currents
N. Hem? S. Hem? 2 others? |
clockwise
counterclockwise Gulf stream (n. Atlantic drift) Cali Current |
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What are control for earths temp. and altitude?
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temp. usually decreases with height
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What are control for earths temp. and landforms barriers ?
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mountains
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Temp. Inversions
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Temp. increases instead of decreasing with increasing altitude
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Continetnality
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the distance a particular place is located in respect to a large body of water, the greater the distances the great the continentality
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Heat budget
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relationship between solar energy input, storage, and output within the earth system
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Coriolis Effect
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- Apparent defection of the win
- N. Hemi. Wind is deflected to the right - S. Hemi. Wind is deflected to the left - As velocity and or latitude increase so does the Coriolis effect |
