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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What five steps make up science? |
1 observation/recognition 2 data gathering 3 hypothesis 4 testing 5 theory |
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what four things makes something a theory |
1 testable 2 well tested 3 widely accepted 4 allows prediction |
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what theory did bishop usher have |
earth created in 4004 bc |
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what theory did james hutton have and what did he write |
"theory of the earth" 1795 gradualism |
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charles lyell's theory and book |
"principles of geology" 1830-72 uniformitarianism: present is key to past
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what is geology |
science of processes related to composition, structure, and history of earth and its life |
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difference between p and s waves |
p: travels through solids, liquids, and gases s: solids only |
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what is refraction |
waves bend when entering denser layer |
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true or false: continental (granitic) crust is thicker than (basaltic) oceanic, but not denser |
true |
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what is the moho discontinuity |
line between crust and mantle change in p wave velocity |
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describe the earth's mantle |
solid rock layer below 100-150 km, rock hot enough to flow convection occurs: hot mantle rises and cool mantle sinks |
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describe the core |
iron-rich density ~12 g/cm^3 outer: liquid iron nickel inner: solid ^ |
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describe the lithosphere |
surfave to ~150 km depth rigid crust and upper mantle |
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asthenosphere |
~150 km to ~400 km depth plastic (partially molten) flows as soft solid (ie toothpaste) shallow under oceans, deep under continents |
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who proposed continental drift? |
alfred wegener |
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who proposed theory of sea-floor spreading and what is it? |
Harry Hess -new sea floor forms at mid-ocean ridges -spreads away from ridge axis -sinks back into mantle at deep-ocean trenches |
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plate boundaries: divergent |
tectonic plates move apart
sea-floor spreading |
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plate boundaries: convergent |
plates move together
deep-ocean trenches volcanic arcs
oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath an overriding plate
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plate boundaries: transform |
slide sideways neither created nor destroyed earthquakes lack volcanism |
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name/describe three driving mechanisms |
1 ridge-push: elevated MOR pushes lithosphere away 2 slab-pull: gravity pulls a subducting plate downward 3 convection: hot up, cold down |
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what are the three criteria for something to be a mineral? |
1 naturally occurring 2 solid 3 crystalline |
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describe silicates give an example |
silicon & oxygen tetrahedron ex: quartz
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Carbonates examples |
contain CO3^2- calcite limestone & marble |
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oxcides and 2 examples |
metal & oxygen magnetite limonite |
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Sulfides and an example |
metal & sulfur pyrite pose environmental problems |
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geocentric vs heliocentric |
geocentric placed earth at center of universe heliocentric placed sun at center |
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define matter and mass |
matter: substance of the universe
mass: the amount of matter in an object |
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define energy & weight |
energy: the ability to do work
weight: the force that acts on an object due to gravity
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define universe, galaxies, and stars |
universe: all of space & all matter & energy within it
galaxies: immense groups of stars held together by gravity
stars: ball of incandescent gas |
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explain the big bang theory |
all matter and energy was initially packed into a infinitesimally small point that exploded and the universe began 13.7 billion yrs ago |
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doppler affect/red shift and how it leads us to believe the universe is expanding |
doppler: change in frequency when wave source moves red shift: ^ if light source closer=bluer, farther=redder
Hubble studied wavelength of light produced by distant galaxies and saw a red shift... expanding universe theory
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stars and elements from the big bang are composed of |
the lightest atoms, bc only these atoms were generated by big bang nucleosynthesis |
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our sun and the two types of planets around it |
sun: 3,4, or 5th gen. star
votile: contain materials that exist as gas at earths surface; outer portion of the protoplanetary disk
refractory: materials that only melt at high temps; inner portion of disk |
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where do asteroids, meteors, and meteorites come from? |
asteroids: fragments of materials not incorporated in planets
meteors: glowing streak from meteroids (any object from space that enters earth's atmosphere)
meteorites: objects that strike the earth |
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what is the magnetic-reversal chronology |
the record when earth's magnetic field reverses polarity because earth has a dipolar field |
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what do igneous rocks record when they cool? |
the direction and dip of the magnetic field in existence at that time |
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what are triple junctions what is an example |
points where three plate boundaries intersect
north of san fran |
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what are hot spots and what is an example |
volcanism occurs at an isolated volcano caused by mantle plumes
hawaiian chain |
