Geol 241 Week 1-3

Front 1

How much energy did primitive vs modern societies use?

Back 1

100W Per person

10,000W Per person

Front 2

What is the relation of energy "cutoff" point where people have a very high quality of life and where our energy production is?

Back 2

600 x 10^12 needed

470 x 10^18 have

Front 3

Order of top energy sources.

Back 3

Petroleum = 40%

Coal = 23.2%

Natural Gas = 22.5%

Front 4

What can you say about the energy system graph?

Back 4

37 Quads "useful energy"

58 Quard "Wasted energy"

Front 5

What is energy?

Back 5

The capacity to do work

Front 6

What is work?

Back 6

The application of a force over a distance

Front 7

What is a force?

Back 7

Something that pushes / pulls

Front 8

Units of energy :

Back 8

Force: Mass x acceleration

Work: force times a distance, units are kg* m ^2 / s^2 = N* m = Joules

Front 9

What is a calorie?

Back 9

Energy required to raise 1 gram of water one degree Celsius ( 1 cal = 4.184 Joules)

Front 10

What is a BTU?

Back 10

Raises 1 pound of water one degree F (1 BTU = 1,055J)

Front 11

What is power?

Back 11

Energy / time, energy exchanged per time unit, how fast you get work done

Front 12

Power measurement?

Back 12

Joules / sec = Watts

1 watt = 1 J / second

Front 13

How much energy does a 100W light bult use?

Back 13

100W is rate of energy use

100W bult uses 100 J / s or 360,000 J / hr

Front 14

Power vs Energy

Back 14

Power is rate of usage

Energy is amount used

Front 15

Kilowatt-hour measures?

Back 15

Energy

1000 W for one hour, 1 hr = 3600 sec so 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J

Front 16

KE formula

Back 16

KE = 1/2 m v ^2

Front 17

What is temperature?

Back 17

Measure of kinetic energy of molecules

Front 18

Celcius to K ?

Back 18

C = K - 273.16

Front 19

Photon energy _________ with increasing frequency (or decreasing wavelenght)

Back 19

increases

Front 20

About how much is blackbody radiation of Sun?

Back 20

3.9 x 10^26 Whatts

Front 21

Where does sun get all its energy?

Back 21

Themonuclear fusion

Front 22

How much more potent is nuclear fusion than most chemical reactions?

Back 22

~20m times

Front 23

What's reflect / absorb rates of sun's energy hitting Earth?

Back 23

35% reflected

65% absorbed

Front 24

First law of thermodynamics

Back 24

Energy can not be created or destroyed, only transformed. Energy is always conserved.

Front 25

How can fluorescent light bult produce same light as an incandescent, but use less power?

Back 25

Fluorescent bult doesn't generate as much heat, more energy is released as visable light

Front 26

Santa Ana winds represent what process?

Back 26

Adiabatic process.

Air is compressed as it moves from mountains to lower elevations, pressure is higher lower so volume decreases, work done on system increases temperature

Front 27

How does the sun "create" energy ?

Back 27

It exchange mass for energy

Front 28

If most energy processes release heat, why isn't the Earth heating up rapidly?

Back 28

Earth radiated much of its heat

Front 29

What makes work "useful"?

Back 29

Whether it can be done on another system, whether the associated energy is able to do further work

Front 30

What is it called when heat is coerced into useful energy?

Back 30

Heat engine

Front 31

Draw a picture of how work is extracted from heat.

Back 31

Front 32

What is efficiency?

Back 32

Work done / heat supplied

Energy out / energy in

Front 33

What is the limit to efficiency?

Back 33

Carnot efficiency

Front 34

Carnot efficiency formula:

Back 34

(T hot - T cold) / T hot

Measured in K

Only applies to heat engines.

Front 35

How efficient are power plants today?

Back 35

33%

Front 36

What is it called to make use of "waste" heat?

Back 36

cogeneration

Front 37

Is it possible to "beat" the Carnot efficiency?

Back 37

Yes, with cogeneration. However, it is impossible to reach 100%.

Front 38

2nd law of themodynamics:

Back 38

All energy trasnformations lead to increase entropy, a measure of disorder in universe

Front 39

Net system efficiency?

Back 39

Multiplication of efficiency of each transformation

Front 40

Non-renewable

Back 40

Nature resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown on a timescale comparable to its consumption or use

Front 41

Renewable

Back 41

Resource that is replenished over a short period of time, quickly enough to replace what is consumed

Front 42

Reserves

Back 42

Economically extractable today

Front 43

Resources

Back 43

Total amount that exists, some of which may become economically extractable in the future

Front 44

What the problem with our estmations of how long our non-renewables will last?

Back 44

All based on current consumption, even though consumption is growing exponentially

Front 45

What is the basic form of fossil fuels?

Back 45

Hydrocarbon

Front 46

How are hydrocarbons formed?

Back 46

Phtosynthesis forms carbohydrates

Hydropcarbons form when Oxygen burns off

Front 47

Can hydrocarbons form without sunlight?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

What makes up natural gas?

Back 48

Methane 70-90%

Front 49

Talk about petroleum.

Back 49

-Huge complexity in content

-Many aromatic rings

-Range greatly in size

-Crude Oil Refining

- Works to take certain components of petroleum and separate them out

- Gasoline = one part of crude oil (petroleum), also the lighter part (smaller molecules)

- Separated by refining

- Each barrel of crude oil goes into a wide variety of products

- Octane Ratings

- How molecules are branched determines their octane ratingIt is a rating of how straight (heptane) vs how branched (isooctane) the fuel source is

Front 50

Pro/Cons of big three:

Back 50

Coal

AD: Cheap, lots of it

DIS: Direty, dangerous to mine

Gas

AD: Little processing, cleaner to burn, efficient to burn

DIS: Difficult to transport, dangerous to extract

Petroleum

AD: Easily transported, clean due to refining process

DIS: More CO2 emissions than gas, environmental concerns (spills)