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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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drainage basin
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fundamental landscape unit concerned with collection & distribution of water & sediment
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dendritic pattern
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drainage pattern formed by uniform/horizontal substrates
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parallel pattern
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drainage pattern formed by steeper slopes
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trellis pattern
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drainage pattern formed by parallel geologic structures
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rectangular pattern
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drainage pattern formed by fracture/joins
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radial and annular patterns
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drainage patterns that form at volcanoes or domes
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hyposometry
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plot of elevation distribution over an area
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Hypsometric integral (HI)
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area under a hyposometry curve
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Hack's law
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basin area above that point = 1/3 (distance from any point on river to the drainage divide)
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floodplain
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a flat surface on valley bottoms, usually underlain by unconsolidated sediment that is periodically flooded
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Colluvium
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loose debris
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fluvial terraces
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abandoned floodplains formed when river flowed at a higher level than present
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tread
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flat surface representing the level of former floodplain
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scarp
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steep slope connecting the tread to a surface lower in the valley
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erosional terrace
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Tread formed by lateral erosion whereby a strath rock-cut terrace is formed in bedrock, or a fill-cut terrace is formed in unconsolidated material
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depositional terrace
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Tread represents the surface of a valley fill
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discharge
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width * depth * velocity
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TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason 1
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Altimeters designed for measuring sea surface, large lakes, and rivers heights
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lateral accretion
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sediment accumulation occurs through growth of point bars in rivers
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vertical accretion
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sediment accumulation occurs through overbank flooding
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SWOT
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Provide global, 2-D observations of water level and inundation extent
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glacier
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A mass of ice lasting for multiple years and sufficiently massive that it deforms under its own weight
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morphology
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what does the glacier look like
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cirque glaciers
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flowing ice streams restricted to amphitheater shaped depressions in valley headlands
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valley glaciers
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streams of ice that flow down valley well beyond the cirque
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ice sheets
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broad, flowing ice masses that are not confined to valleys
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mountain ice sheets
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valley glaciers that enlarge to form ice sheets that bury all but the highest alpine peeks
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Piedmont glaciers
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glaciers that discharge ice onto broad lowlands located along the base of mountains
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active glaciers
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glaciers that have high rates of ice movement
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passive glaciers
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glaciers exhibit low rates of ice movement
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dead glaciers
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glaciers exhibit no discernible ice flow
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temperate glaciers
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glaciers in which the ice is at or near its pressure melting point throughout the ice mass
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subpolar and polar glaciers
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glaciers in which the ice mass is generally below the pressure melting point except for summer melting of a few upper meters
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high polar glaciers
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glaciers in which the ice mass is below the pressure melting point at all times
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calving
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as the glacier flows you get big chunks of ice flowing
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Glen's power flow law
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allows us to calculate glacier deformation
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regelation
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involves the melting and refreezing of ice due to changes in pressure and heat flow
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glacial buzzsaw hypothesis
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Glaciers erode faster than any other surface process
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glacial erosion rate
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depends on basal ice velocity
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arete
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A “knife-edge” ridge.
Formed by adjacent cirques or valley glaciers |
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horn
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A pointed mountain peak. Formed by 3 or more cirques that coalesce.
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hanging valleys
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Intersection of tributary glacier with trunk glacier.Trunk glacier incises
deeper. Trough bases at different elevations. A waterfall results. |
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moraine
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Unsorted debris dumped by a glacier
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erratics
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Boulders dropped by glacial ice
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fluvialglacial deposits
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deposits associated with running water within/beyond the ice
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ice contact stratified deposits
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subset of fluvioglacial deposits where stratified sediment is deposited adjacent to ice & can contain some unstratified till
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outwash
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sediment deposited beyond the terminal margin of ice
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drumlins
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Long aligned hills of molded till
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eskers
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long, sinuous ridges of sand & gravel that form from meltwater channels within or below ice
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snowball earth hypothesis
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evidence that glaciers were everywhere (650 Ma the most recent)
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desert
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Land so arid, that evaporation prevents permanent surface water
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wind speed
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depends on surface roughness, which determines the friction amount between the atmosphere and land
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threshold friction velocity
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once this is reached, the particle will start to move
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desert pavement
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hard surface of stones and a hard crust of soil below it that becomes resistant to weathering
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ventifaction
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Small sediment particles carried by the wind tend to erode bedrock and boulder features in desert landscapes by scouring
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ventifacts
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Wind-shaped rocks
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yardangs
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Large bed-rock features aligned with the direction of the prevailing wind
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barchan dunes
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Scarce sand supply, tips point down downwind
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transverse dunes
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plentiful sand supply, perpendicular to wind
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linear dunes
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abundant sand supply, mostly parallel to wind
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star dunes
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More scarce sand supply, high angle to wind; wind environment is multi-directional
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loess
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Deposits of silts and clays transported by wind
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desertification
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Aridification of non-desert areas
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permafrost
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permanently frozen ground
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taliks
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these are areas of unfrozen, saturated soil above, within, and below permafrost
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thermakarst
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develops when permafrost thaws and ice lenses within the permafrost collapse
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avulsion
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channel changed flow drastically
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