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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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autonomous regions
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territories within Russia and China designated as the homelands of indigenous peoples
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Bolsheviks
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a faction of communists who came to power during the Russian Revolution
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capitalists
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a wealthy minority that owns the majority of factories, farms, businesses, and other means of production
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chernozem
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black, fertile soils of the region stretching south from Moscow toward the Black and Caspian seas
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command economy
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an economy in which government bureacrats plan, locate, and manage all production and distribution
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communism
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an idealogy, based largely on the writings of the German recolutionary Karl Marx, that calls on workers to unite to overthrow capitalists and establish an egalitarian society where workers share what they produce
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communist party
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the political party that rules the former Russian Empire from 1917 to 1991
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czar
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title of the ruler of the Russian Empire; derived from the word "caesar," the title of the Roman emperors
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glasnost
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"openness;" an opening up of piblic discussion of social and economic problems, which occurred in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s
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Group of Eight (GS)
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an organization of highly undustrialized countries: France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada, and Russia
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internal republics
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more than 30 ethnic enclaves in Russia whose political status and relationshop to the Russian state are continuously being renegotiated republic by republic
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marketization
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the process of developing a free market economy
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Mongols
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a loose confederation of nomadic pastoral people centered in eastern Central Asia, who by the thirteenth century established by conquest an empire stretching from Europe to the Pacific
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nonpoint sources of pollution
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diffuse sources of environmental contamination, such as untreated automobile exhaust, raw sewage, or agricultural chemicals that drain from fields into the urban water supplies
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oblasts
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the provinces of Russia
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oligarchs
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people who acquired great wealth during the privatization of Russia's resources, who use that wealth to excercise power
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perestroika
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a restructuring of the Soviet economic system in the late 1980s in an attempt to revitalize the economy
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permafrost
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permanently frozen soil a few inches or feet beneath the surface
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privatization
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the sale of industries formerly owned and operated by the government to private companies or individuals
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Russian Federation
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Russia and its political subunits, which include 30 internal republics and more than 10 so-called autonomous regions
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serfs
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persons legally bound to live on and farm land owned by the lord
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Slavs
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a group of farmers who originated between the Snieper and Vistula rivers, in modern-day Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus
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socialism
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a social system in which the production and distribution of goods are owned collectively, and political power is exercised by the whole community
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steppes
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semiarid, grass-covered plains
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taiga
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subarctic forests
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thermal pollution
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the return of unnaturally hot water to the environment, as by industrial processes or hydro and nuclear power plants
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tundra
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a treeless area between the ice cap and the tree line of arctic regions, which has a permanently frozen subsoil
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
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the nation formed from the Russion empire in 1922 and dissolved in 1991
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