Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Globe's Limitations
|
1) can only see half of Earth at one time 2) cannot show great detail 3) cumbersome (not easy to carry) 4) cannot include in a book, newspaper, etc. |
|
|
Characteristics of Ideal Map
|
1) show true relative area 2) shows true shape 3) shows true direction 4) shows true distance 5) shows true position or location Impossible (position/location should always be correct) |
|
|
Cartography
|
science of map making
|
|
|
Map Essentials
|
1) Title 2) Author or Data Source 3) Date 4) Legend or Key 5) Orientation and Direction 6) Scale: Horizontal and vertical 7) Map Projection |
|
|
Horizontal Scale Types
|
1) Representative Fraction 2) Bar Scale 3) Verbal Scale |
|
|
Representative Fraction
|
1 mile = 63,360 inches 1: 63,360 |
|
|
Bar Scale (linear, graphic)
|
|
|
|
Verbal Scale (written)
|
one inch equals five miles
|
|
|
small scale map
|
- shows very large area (world map) -shows little detail -rep. fractions in millions |
|
|
Large scale map
|
-shows very small area (city map) - shows great detail - rep. fractions in thousands (the larger the scale the greater the detail) |
|
|
Vertical Scale
|
4 types of info vertically on map 1) Elevation of ground 2) shape of Landform 3) size of landform 4) slope of the ground |
|
|
topographic map
|
show vertical scale, elevation and relief
|
|
|
elevation
|
distance above or below the datum plane ( sea level)
|
|
|
relief
|
difference between highest and lowest elevation in a given area
|
|
|
Spot Heights
|
(way to show elevation and relief) exact elevations for specific points on the map
|
|
|
Shaded relief map
|
uses shadows to give a 3 dimensional effect to show landforms (relief)
|
|
|
Hyposometric (layered) map
|
uses colors to show elevation
|
|
|
Hachure Map
|
uses tiny short lines ( hash marks or tick marks) to draw a picture of landforms
|
|
|
Raised Relief map
|
is 3 dimensional
|
|
|
Contour Map
|
uses contour lines to show relief (contour line: line on a map that connect points of equal elevation) |
|
|
Contour Line Characteristics
|
1) never end 2) never cross 3) never split (fork) 4) generally form smooth curves 5) tend to parallel eachother 6) parallel streams 7) crossing a stream, form a "V" that points upstream 8) lines close together = steep slope, far apart = gentle slope |
|
|
contour interval
|
vertical difference between contour lines (5', 20', 100' etc)
|
|
|
Index contour
|
thicker, numbered contour lines
|
|
|
depression contours (hachured)
|
used for a depression (hole) - elevation gets lower
|
|
|
Map Projections
|
-attempt to duplicate the round earth on a flat plane (map) -A system of lines drawn on a flat surface, representing a chosen number of parallels and meridians in harmonic arrangement - true position or location must be correct |
|
|
Direct projections
|
can be demonstrated using a light transparent globe and geometric figures
|
|
|
Cylindrical projection
|
- type of direct projection -cylinder placed over globe |
|
|
Mercator Projection
|
-type of cylindrical projection -used for navigation -combination of gnomic projection and great circle route |
|
|
Rhumb line
|
line of true compass projection
|
|
|
Conic Projections
|
-type of direct map projections -cone placed over globe - most useful for land in middle latitudes (U.S.) - used for Geological U.S. maps |
|
|
Polyconic Projection
|
many cones, not a direct projection
|
|
|
Plane Projections
|
flat plane is placed on the globe (polar plane: centered over one of the poles, equatorial plane: centered over equator) |
|
|
Indirect Projections
|
cannot be demonstrated with light and globe (most are oval projections and most are equal area) |
|
|
Goode's Interrupted Equal Area Homolosine Projection
|
popular indirect projection
|
|
|
Aerial Photographs
|
recording images from above the earth (may be taken in stereo pairs)
|
|
|
Stereoscope
|
used to view two photos 3 - dimensionally
|
|
|
Hydrosphere
|
the water world (3/4 water)
|
|
|
Hydrologic Cycle
|
the balance and recycling of Earth's fresh water supply
|
|
|
Continental Shelf
|
shallow area around continents (sea level to 600 ft in depth)
|
|
|
Tides
|
-periodic rise and fall of sea level - caused by gravitational pull of the moon and the sun -moon has greater effect because it is closer -tides rise and fall twice daily (takes 12 hrs and 25 min to complete cycle) ( 24 hrs and 50 min to complete two tidal cycles) |
|
|
Tidal Range
|
- difference between the high tide and the low tide (averages 6 to 8 feet) - Bay of Fundy (Canada) - world's highest tidal ranges |
|
|
Tidal Bore
|
tide comes in as a wall of water
|
|
|
Spring tides
|
-unusually high tides that occur twice each month (new and full moon) |
|
|
Neap Tides
|
-lower than normal tidal variations (1st and third quarter)
|
|
|
Waves |
- generally caused by wind -wind may be caused by storm thousands of miles away |
|
|
Ocean Currents and drifts
|
- "rivers" of water that circulate around in the oceans - caused by drag exerted by prevailing winds and the Earth's rotation -location of continents also affects their movements |
|
|
Movement of Currents
|
-clockwise in Northern Hemisphere -counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere |
|
|
Coriolis Effect
|
-all objects in motion in N Hemisphere tend to turn to the right of their original direction (clockwise) -left (counterclockwise) in S Hemisphere - caused by Earth's rotation (no deflection at equator, max deflection at poles) |
|
|
Currents (need to know)
|
1) Gulf Stream (warm) - Eastern U.S. 2) Brazil (warm) - Eastern South America 3) Peru or Humboldt (cold) - Western South America 4) Japan (warm) - Eastern Asia 5) California (cold) - Western U.S. |
|
|
Tsunamis
|
- seismic waves or "tidal waves"-huge waves caused by submarine earthquakes or volcanic eruptions or submarine landslides- tsunamis travel at 500 mph
|
