Geography Unit 2 Final Test

Front 1

Define Plate Tectonics

Back 1

The theory that states that Earth's outer shell consists of plates that move due to convection currents.

Front 2

Define the Folding of Plates

Back 2

When two plates converge and the sedimentary rocks around the edge of the plates crumple and fold.

Front 3

Define Faults in the Tectonics Plates

Back 3

A fracture in the Crust of the Earth due to plate movement.

Front 4

Define Humus

Back 4

The dark, upper layer of soil made up of partially decayed plant material.

Front 5

Define Parent Material

Back 5

Rock from which soil is derived.

Front 6

Define Maritime Climate.

Back 6

Climate Type that is strongly influenced by the closeness of an Ocean or another large body of water. The annual temperature range tends to be small and Precipitation is high.

Front 7

Define Continental Climate.

Back 7

Climate Type that develops away from the influence of the ocean. The annual temperature range tends to be large and Precipitation is low.

Front 8

Define Extreme Range.

Back 8

When the temperature will reach extreme highs in Summer and extreme lows in Winter.

Front 9

Define Moderate Range.

Back 9

When the Temperature will remain moderate to a point through tout the year (never too cold and never too hot).

Front 10

What is the LARGEST Vegetation Type in Canada.

Back 10

Coniferous Trees; e.g., white and black spruce , balsam fir, pine (evergreens) which lose few needles.

Hardy Deciduous Trees (Poplar and white birch) in southern portion.

Front 11

Define Tree Line.

Back 11

The Boundary between the Tundra and the Boreal Forest Zone. North of this line it is too cold for trees to grow.

Front 12

Define Permafrost.

Back 12

Permanently frozen ground that does not completely thaw in the Summer.

Front 13

What are the three ways in which Tectonic plates interact?

Back 13

They Converge, Diverge, and Transform.

Front 14

Define Convergent.

Back 14

When plates collide with each other.

Front 15

Define Divergent.

Back 15

When plates move apart from each other.

Front 16

Define the Transform Movement.

Back 16

Plates moving past each other.

Front 17

What are the four main components of soil?

Back 17

Minerals (Rocks), Organic Material, Moisture, and Air.

Front 18

Define Minerals (Rocks) as a component of soil.

Back 18

Minerals come from rock and become part of the soil when rock is worn down into smaller particles. This provides the soil with nutrients.

Front 19

Define Organic Material as a component of Soil.

Back 19

When plants and animals die, bacteria helps them decompose. Humus is formed and provides nutrients and gives soil it's dark colour.

Front 20

Define Moisture as a component in soil.

Back 20

Water dissolves nutrients in the soil and is taken up the plant through its roots. Moisture is necessary for plant survival.

Front 21

Define Air as a component in soil.

Back 21

Plants need air around their roots to breathe. Insects, such as worms that travel through soil provide air spaces as well as Humus.

Front 22

Define Deciduous Trees.

Back 22

Broad-leaved trees that shed their leaves annually in the fall.

Front 23

Define Coniferous Trees.

Back 23

Trees with cones and often needle-like leaves; evergreen.

Front 24

How do Glaciers form?

Back 24

Since Summer never comes to melt the snow, snow will accumulate and compress over many years, gaining a new layer every snowfall. Eventually, this compression of snow will lead to the forming of solid Ice.

Front 25

When is the Winter Solstice and what is it?

Back 25

The winter Solstice occurs every December 21st and it is the shortest day of the year. Note, the day it falls on can vary sometimes.

Front 26

When is the Summer Solstice and what is it?

Back 26

The Summer Solstice occurs every 21st of June, and it is the longest day of the year (sunlight). Note, the day it falls on can sometimes vary from the 21st.

Front 27

What is a Dry Air Mass?

Back 27

A large body of air that is exempt from most moisture and is hot throughout.

Front 28

What is a moist Air Mass?

Back 28

A large body of air that tends to have large amounts of moisture within it, and due to this will sometimes be a bit colder. As it passes over land it will affect that areas climate.

Front 29

How are Winds created?

Back 29

Winds are created by air moving from high pressure areas towards low pressure areas.

Front 30

What are Ocean Currents?

Back 30

The temperature of an Ocean will affect the air that passes over it. For example the North Pacific Current heats the cool, moist air that passes over it. Some examples of it would be the chilly Labrador Current, the Gulf Stream, and the North Pacific Current.

Front 31

What are Prevailing Winds?

Back 31

Prevailing Winds are well-established patterns of wind movement. The Prevailing Winds in Canada are called the Westerlies.

Front 32

What is elevation?

Back 32

If you climb to a top of a mountain, it will be colder there. This is because as the air rises it expands due to lower air pressure; and as air expands it cools.

Front 33

What is Relief?

Back 33

Relief is where the area around the slope of the mountain is very dry since the air condensed so much going up and down the mountain.

Front 34

What is Natural Vegetation?

Back 34

Vegetation grown without the added interference of Human beings.

Front 35

What is Glacial Retreat, and Glacial Advance?

Back 35

When the glacier grows through Precipitation quicker than it can melt (advance) . Or when a glacier melts quicker than it accumulates ice (retreat). Glaciers are currently retreating.

Front 36

Why are Glaciers important?

Back 36

Glaciers are important because they basically formed our land, creating valleys, water basins, and valleys when they advanced towards the equator.

Front 37

What % of the earth is covered in glaciers?

Back 37

About 10% or 15 Million Square kilometres.

Front 38

What are the three types of landforms in Canada?

Back 38

There is the shield, the Highlands, and the Lowlands.

Front 39

What landforms region is Canada's Breadbasket?

Back 39

The Interior Plains or Prairies.

Front 40

What are the three Highland Mountain Regions and where are they located?

Back 40

First is the Appalachian Mountains which are in the east around Southern Quebec and the Maritimes. Second are the Innuitian Mountains which are in the far north. And finally the Western Cordillera is in the west.

Front 41

Which landforms region covers more than half of Canada?

Back 41

The answer is the Canadian Shield.

Front 42

What landform region is Canada's oldest Highland Region?

Back 42

The Appalachian Mountains formed the longest time ago.

Front 43

What landform region has the greatest population?

Back 43

The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands Region by far.

Front 44

What landform region do you live in?

Back 44

The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands Region.

Front 45

How do you find average annual temperature?

Back 45

You simply find the mean of all the average temperatures of each month.

Front 46

How do you find the temperature Range?

Back 46

By finding the difference between the lowest and highest temperature.

Front 47

How do you find total annual Precipitation?

Back 47

You simply add all the amounts together.

Front 48

What is the Season of maximum Precipitation.

Back 48

Simply add all the Precipitation up for each month and find the season that quite simply had the most Precipitation.

Front 49

How to determine if it is Continental or Maritime Climate.

Back 49

Simply look out for extremities vs. Moderate temperatures; and low Precipitation vs high Precipitation.

Front 50

Back 50

Front 51

Do a diagram of Leaching.

Back 51

Water moving down into and within the soil.

Front 52

Do a diagram of Calcification.

Back 52

The upward movement of water.