Geography Unit 2

Front 1

Denudation

Back 1

or Leveling are processes that are constantly at work to lower the Earth's surface to a common level.

Front 2

Uplift is powered by

Back 2

energy from below.

Front 3

Denudation is powered by

Back 3

energy from above.

Front 4

Base Level is

Back 4

the lowest level to which a land surface can be eroded.

Front 5

The ultimate base level is

Back 5

sea level.

Front 6

Degradation

Back 6

includes processes of weathering, erosion and transportation.

Front 7

Weathering

Back 7

process of disintegration or decomposition of rocks.

Front 8

Erosion

Back 8

removal and movement of rock debris and associated organic matter.

Front 9

Transportation

Back 9

whether carried out by running water, ice, wind or wave action.

Front 10

Aggradation

Back 10

involved building up the land surface by deposition of rock materials.

Front 11

Deposition

Back 11

occurs when a drop in energy slows the transportation agent to the point where it deposits some of its rock material.

Front 12

Denudation

Back 12

a very slow process in our terms.

Front 13

Two major sources of energy for the breakdown are

Back 13

Solar Energy and Gravitational Forces.

Front 14

Solar Energy

Back 14

powers chemical activity, the hydrologic cycle and winds.

Front 15

Gravitational Energy

Back 15

brings down moisture, causes stream flow and other downhill movements.

Front 16

Physical Weathering

Back 16

involves the disintegration or fragmentation of rocks into smaller particles without chemical alteration of the minerals that make up the rock. It only changes the physical appearance of the rock.

Front 17

Frost Shattering

Back 17

water seeps into fractures and joints, freezes into ice and expands in volume by 9% splitting the rock apart. They are jagged and pointed.

Front 18

Thermal expansion

Back 18

rock with crystals expand and contract at different rates when heated and cooled. Found in tropical and mid-latitude deserts, where temperatures may range from 40C to 0C. They form a jagged carpet of rocks on the desert floor.

Front 19

Pressure Release

Back 19

erosion may strip off overlaying rocks to expose intrusive igneous rocks. The release in pressure allows the rock to expand, the layers separate and fall away. The more pressure that is released, the more new cracks form in recently exposed rocks and the process continues... This creates the formation of mountains with rounded slopes and tops. Also called exfoliation and sheeting.

Front 20

Chemical Weathering

Back 20

where the rock suffers decay or alteration because of a change in the chemical composition.

Front 21

Solution

Back 21

As rainwater falls, it dissolves carbon dioxide gas.

This dissolves and carries away soluble minerals.

This dissolves limestone.

Front 22

Oxidation

Back 22

Iron combines with oxygen to form a rust - coloured mineral called iron oxide.

reddish-brown

as iron oxide forms, it expands and causes rock to crumble apart.

Front 23

Hydrolysis

Back 23

Chemical reactions where ions of water replace ions of a mineral.

this produces clay mineral and soluble mineral compounds.

clay = kaolinite

occurs in warm, moist climates

feldspar or other silicate minerals

eg coffee model

Front 24

most important weathering causes

Back 24

temperatures and precipitation.

tropical rain forest is high weathering.

as the 2 decrease, so do the number of joints and bedding planes

Front 25

regolith

Back 25

lithosphere to atmosphere

Front 26

Mass wasting

Back 26

the downhill movement of weathered materials resulting from the pull of gravity.

Front 27

What are Joints

Back 27

they are fractures caused by stresses and strains

Front 28

What are Bedding planes

Back 28

they are parallel surfaces separating different layers of sedimentary rocks

Front 29

What is Soil Creep

Back 29

when the soil slowly creeps down the hill.

small slope

seen through tree trunks,fences,walls

helped by expanding and contracting of soil through freezing/thawing, wetting/drying of soil

Front 30

What are flows + the types

Back 30

thick liquid

solifluction

rock glaciers

avalanches

Front 31

Solifluction

Back 31

slow downhill flow of water, saturated rock and soil

common in colder climates

Front 32

Rock Glaciers

Back 32

Flow similar to ice glaciers

occurs in high mountains of humid regions

Front 33

Avalanches

Back 33

Rapid flows of snow, ice, earth and/or rock masses

Front 34

types of slides

Back 34

Rock slides

slump

debris slides

Front 35

rock slides

Back 35

occur in mountainous areas along bedding planes

Front 36

slump

Back 36

blocks of soil and rock makes rotational slip

common with thick clay

it stops

Front 37

debris slides

Back 37

caused when loose rock and soil are shaken loose by: earthquakes, river or glacier erosion

move rapidly down hill

Front 38

Falls

Back 38

frost shattering breaks off a rock

individual rocks fall

as they fall they accumulate in fan-shaped piles called "talus" or "scree"