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53 Cards in this Set
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french quarter
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Founded as a military-style grid of seventy squares in 1718 by French Canadian naval officer Jean Baptiste Bienville
In 1762 the indifferent Louis XV transferred Louisiana to his Bourbon cousin Charles III of Spain Spanish rule lasted for four decades, imparting a legacy of semi-fortified streetscapes, common-wall plastered brick houses, and walled courtyards used as gardens and utility spaces with separate servants' quarters and kitchens after the la purchase to americas, French Quarter's golden era followed as cotton, sugar and steamboats poured into the city. American, Irish, German, African and "Foreign French" immigrants swelled the population, creating a heterogeneous matrix of culture, language, religion and cuisine. |
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Côte des Allemands
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french word for the German coast
region of early Louisiana settlement located above New Orleans on the east side of the Mississippi River The four settlements along the coast were Karlstein, Hoffen, Meriental, and Augsburg.[3] Originally, the Germans settled at the Arkansas Post, however the conditions were intolerable.[4] The area's name was derived from the large population of German pioneers who were settled there in 1721 by John Law and the Company of the Indies. When the company folded in 1731, the Germans became independent land-owners. German pioneers made a success of their settlements. Their farming endeavors provided food not only for themselves but also for New Orleans' residents. Some historians credit these German farmers with the survival of early New Orleans In 1768, they joined with Acadians from the Cabannocé Post area to march on New Orleans and overthrow Spanish colonial governor Antonio de Ulloa. The German and Acadian settlers united again, under Spanish colonial governor Bernardo de Gálvez, to fight the British during the American Revolution The German Coast was the site of the largest slave revolt in US history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising. |
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american sector
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The American zone consisted of Bavaria and Hesse in Southern Germany, and the northern portions of the present-day German state of Baden-Württemberg. The ports of Bremen (on the lower Weser River) and Bremerhaven (at the Weser estuary of the North Sea) were also placed under American control because of the American request to have certain toeholds in Northern Germany. The headquarters of the American military government was the former IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main
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french sector
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some western parts of their Zones of Occupation to the French Army. This agreement created a French Zone of Occupation in westmost Germany. This zone consisted of two barely-contiguous areas of Germany along the French border that met at just a single point along the Rhine River.
The Saargebiet, an important area of Germany because of its large deposits of coal, was enlarged and in 1947, it was turned into the Saar protectorate. This was a state, nominally independent of Germany and France, but with its economy integrated into that of the French Zone. |
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civil war
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fought over the secession of the Confederate States. Eleven southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.
causes: slavery, sectionalism, (different economies, social structure, customs and political values of the North and South), states rights, territorial crisis and national election |
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sicilians
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During the mid to late 1800's large numbers of Sicilians came to the United States and settled in New Orleans where there were the most opportunities for work in the cotton, vegetable and fish markets. New Orleans had the largest population of Sicilians at this time
Sicilian neighborhood in nola- "Little Palermo" |
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st patricks church
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church and parish in the Archdiocese of New Orleans. The parish was founded in 1833, and the current structure was completed in 1840. It is the second oldest parish in New Orleans (the oldest parish is St. Louis Cathedral), located upriver from the French Quarter at 724 Camp Street in what is now the Central Business District.
decades after the church's establishment saw anti-immigrant violence Many nativists feared that he and the Irish were taking control of New Orleans from the establishment. St. Patrick's remained an anchor of the local Church throughout the events of the tumultuous decades that followed St. Patrick's is the oldest parish church outside of the French Quarter. It is regarded as the mother church of Uptown New Orleans. |
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sicillians
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The majority of Italian immigrants in New Orleans are from Sicily and started to arrive in large numbers in the 1880s to escape a homeland, that had fallen into a corrupt, dangerous, and unlawful state. They arrived in a city where previous Italian immigrants had already established a decent-sized community, dating back to the French era
The Italians began social clubs and benevolent organizations as other ethnic groups in New Orleans did. The oldest group began before the Civil War, but more and more formed with the wave of Sicilian immigrants during the last part of the 19th century. The Sicilian tradition of building elaborate St. Joseph’s Day altars is now a New Orleans tradition. contribution to the cuisine of the Crescent City is the muffuletta, Progresso, a national brand known for its soups, began as the Italian-owned Progressive Foods in New Orleans. Nick LaRocca was an important Italian-American jazz musician at the birth of the genre, while New Orleans-born Louis Prima became a prominent singer and trumpeter during the swing era. The elegant Hotel Monteleone, first established by a Sicilian shoemaker, is a landmark in the French Quarter and is still run by the Monteleone family generations later. |
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faubourg st mary
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The first major development in New Orleans outside of the Vieux Carré was Faubourg St. Mary, begun after 1788; the area is now the core of the Central Business District and Warehouse District. The Faubourg came to be known as the "American Quarter," as differentiated from the French Quarter
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Ashkenazic Jews
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mostly from Eastern Europe
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white flight
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Starting in the 1950s, many people living in New Orleans began moving to the suburbs – mostly white people.
White Flight itself hurt many New Orleans neighborhoods as retail businesses lost customers and many had to close. |
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white flight
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It is well-known that people of color were denied access to suburban homeownership opportunities by banks and realtors through a process known as “redlining.”
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gentrification
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refer to the changes that result when wealthier people ("gentry") acquire or rent property in low income and working class communities.[1] Urban gentrification is associated with migration within a population. In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases and average family size decreases. This generally results in the displacement of the poorer, pre-gentrification residents, who are unable to pay increased rents or house prices and property taxes
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infrastructure
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is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise,[1] or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.[2] It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development.
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urban sprawl
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multifaceted concept centered around the expansion of low-density development. Topics range from the outward spreading of a city and its suburbs
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decentralization
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the redistribution of population and industry from urban centers to outlying areas
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Housing Act of 1937
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provided for subsidies to be paid from the U.S. government to local public housing agencies (LHA's) to improve living conditions for low-income families
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housing act 1937
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St. Bernard Project was built to serve low-income New Orleans residents in the 1940s. Initially, the housing community consisted of 744 units in 74 buildings constructed on 31 acres of land. St. Bernard expanded in 1949, adding 700 more units. With this expansion the St. Bernard Housing Community became the largest public housing development in New Orleans.
St. Bernard initially was more than a housing project. A support system of necessary community services slowly became part of the area. Among these were the Union Baptist Theological Seminary and Asia Baptist Church, which operated a day care center. Built in 1980, the St. Bernard Area Community Development Center was an effective educational, social service and recreational resource for families in the area. community saw the number of available housing units drop from 1400 to 900 because of poor maintenance and upkeep. first city in the us to benefit from act with 6 low income developments Overcrowding became a huge issue in addition to a precipitous rise in violent crime (10 homicides in 2003 within the 52 acre community) as the drug trade overwhelmed the local community. |
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foubourg st mary
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The Central Business District of New Orleans was once the plantation of Jean Baptiste LeMoyne de Bienville
Bertrand Gravier who, following the great 1788 fire in the French Quarter, had a surveyor subdivide the plantation. Gravier renamed the subdivision Faubourg St. Marie in memory of his deceased wife. This area, later called Faubourg St. Mary, extended from Common Street to near Howard Avenue and from Tchoupitoulas Street to Rampart Street After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the influx of Americans to New Orleans increased, and Faubourg St. Mary became their community. In this area were the city’s earliest Protestant churches – Christ Episcopal in 1805 on Canal and Bourbon and First Presbyterian in 1819 on St. Charles at Gravier. As late as the 1820s, Faubourg St. Mary was like a big village settlement concentrated near the river. By 1835, the rows of red brick, American-style townhouses built here were considered the city’s best address. One of the early stimulants to the area’s business growth was the erection of the American Theater in 1824 by Englishman James Caldwell on Camp Street. This was the city’s first English-language theater and the first building with gas lighting. With the popularity of gas lighting, a gas works was built on the site of the present Veterans’ Administration Hospital and remained there until the 1940s. The crowning glory of the area at the time was the construction of the elegant, domed St. Charles Hotel that opened in 1838 where Place St. Charles is today. The St. Charles Hotel became the social center of the American community. It burned down and was rebuilt twice over the years and finally demolished in 1974. By the 1830s, omnibuses had begun running in Faubourg St. Mary. Irish immigrants arrived in New Orleans after 1830, and settled in Faubourg St. Mary. Saint Patrick’s Church was built for the Irish community in 1833 on Camp Street. St. Patrick’s Church is the only early Faubourg St. Mary church in existence today. |
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uptown
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ection of New Orleans, Louisiana, on the East Bank of the Mississippi River encompassing a number of neighborhoods between the French Quarter and the Jefferson Parish line.
historic definition including everything upriver from Canal Street, would encompass about one-third of the city. In narrowest usage, as a New Orleans City Planning neighborhood, Uptown refers to an area of only some dozen blocks centering on the intersection of Jefferson and St. Charles Avenues developed during the 19th century, mostly from land that had been plantations in the Colonial era. Several sections were originally developed as separate towns, like Lafayette, Jefferson City, Greenville, and Carrollton. For a time in the early 19th century most of Uptown was part of Jefferson Parish until the City of New Orleans annexed them. In 1874, New Orleans added the towns of Lafayette (not to be confused with the present city of the same name in Lafayette Parish), and Carrollton |
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city of layfayette
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Several small settlements grew up at steamboat landings a few miles upstream of New Orleans. The original Lafayette began as one of these. The sugar plantation once owned by Francois Livaudais and situated in Jefferson Parish along the Mississippi River between the present Philip, Pleasant and LaSalle streets was sold to developers in 1832. It was subdivided and incorporated in April, 1833 as the City of Lafayette, and included the land that would later become known as the Garden District. The center of town was around Jackson Street. Lafayette was also the site of the original Jefferson Parish court house. The New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad, also incorporated in 1833, constructed a spur from the main line along Nyades Street (now St. Charles Avenue) down Jackson Street.[4] Lafayette annexed Faubourg Delassize in 1844, bringing that city's boundary with New Orleans to Toledano Street.[5] In 1853, New Orleans annexed Lafayette, moving the New Orleans city limit upriver into Jefferson Parish to Toledano Street. The seat of Jefferson Parish moved to the City of Carrollton. However, the boundary between Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish remained at Felicity Street until 1870, when it was moved to Lowerline Street.[6]
Tombs in Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 Cornelius Hurst, developer of Faubourg Hurstville, sold a square block to the City of Lafayette for a cemetery in 1833. Now known as Lafayette Cemetery No. 1, the land is bounded by Washington Avenue, 6th Street, Coliseum Street and Prytania Street. In 1972, this cemetery was added to the National Register of Historical Places, but in 1996 it was listed in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. The Fund helped in the creation of a preservation plan with assistance from American Express.[7] In 2010, the Louisiana Landmarks Society rated Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 as one of the nine most endangered New Orleans landmarks. It said that two large oak trees threaten to destroy 30 tombs. The society also cited inadequate groundskeeping, improper maintenance and damage by movie film crews as contributing to this decline. |
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gates of prayer
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Gates of Prayer# opened in 1853 in what was then Lafayette City #before annexation by New Orleans
4800 block of Canal St. next to P. J. McMahon Sons funeral home, in a square surrounded by a dead end private street, Canal St., S. Bernadotte, and Cleveland Ave. This is the oldest extant Jewish cemetery in New Orleans. It was founded in 1846. Use the Bernadotte Street entrance to enter. It is also known as Beth Israel Cemetery and the Canal Street Cemetery. Congregation Gates of Prayer took ownership of this property in 1939. Before that happened, it was the Tememe Derech Cemetery, but it contains burials for Congregations Beth Israel and Chevra Thilim. There are tombstones here from the 19th and 20th century written in both english and Hebrew. The present owner of the property is Congregation Gates of Prayer. The cemetery uses underground burial, but there are many ledger stones covering the graves |
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holy trinity church
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In 1850, New Orleans was divided into three municipalities, The First Municipality, which was the Vieux Carre, The Second, which was the area above Canal Street, and the Third which was the downtown section. Each section was an extension of the settlements that eventually formed New Orleans. In the Third Municipality, the French had settled the area, which was originally the Fabourg Marigny. But further down river, many German settlers had taken up residence. Wherever these settlements were formed, they were usually given their own church, with sermons and other functions in the native language.
In the Third Municipality, the French had been given Annunciation Church. The Germans wanted their own church, so Archbishop Antoine Blanc called upon the Redemptorists at St. Mary’s Parish to send the Rev. J.M. Masquelet to the Third District to organize a new German parish. On November 12, 1847, Father Masquelet purchased property at the corner of Dauphine and St. Ferdinand streets for $3000. He proceeded to build a church there and on June 1848, it was dedicated as the Holy Trinity Church. Later, Father Anthony Bolselaw Gendirowski succeeded Father Masquelet. He encountered difficulty and the church burned to the ground in 1851. |
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secondary activity
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Economic activity involving the conversion of raw material into a product.
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Carondelet Canal
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ld Basin Canal, was a canal in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1794 through 1938.
Construction of the canal began in June 1794 on the orders of Governor of Louisiana Francisco Luis Hector de Carondelet, for whom the canal was named. The 1.6‑mile long canal started at Bayou St. John, which in turn connected with Lake Pontchartrain, and went inland to what was then the back edge of New Orleans, just in back of the French Quarter in the Treme neighborhood. The first shallow, narrow version of the canal was completed by the end of 1794. Over the next two years further work made the canal wider and deeper. The canal served dual purposes of drainage and shipping. After the United States purchase of Louisiana, James Pitot worked to promote improvements of the canal. Starting in 1805 the Orleans Navigation Company improved the Canal and the Bayou, making it more important in shipping. In 1927 it was declared to no longer be a navigable waterway, and in 1938 the old canal was filled. Portions of the old Carondolet Canal infrastructure remain, however, among the oldest sections of the city's storm water drainage system -n 1795 Spanish Governor Carondelet began construction of a canal to connect Rampart St. to Bayou St. John for navigation to the lake. The canal also served to drain the swamps between the lake and the city. This 1798 plan includes a view of Bayou St. John at the lake. This 1798 map includes the route of the Carondelet Canal between the city and Bayou St. John. The turning basin/terminus of the Carondelet Canal at St. Peter and Basin St. was near the present site of the Municipal Auditorium. Basin St. owes its name to the turning basin. Oyster dealers remained on Rampart St. long after the canal and basin were covered during the late 1920’s. |
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centralization
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To draw into or toward a center; consolidate.
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Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
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National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
With an original authorization of 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time.[1] Eisenhower argued for the highways for the purpose of national defense. In the event of a ground invasion by a foreign power, the U.S. Army would need good highways to be able to transport troops across the country efficiently. Following completion of the highways the cross-country journey that took the convoy two months in 1919 was cut down to two week |
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maringny
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A subdistrict of the Bywater District Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: North Rampart Street and St. Claude Avenue to the north, Franklin Avenue to the east, the Mississippi River to the south and Esplanade Avenue to the west.
laid out in the first decade of the 19th century by eccentric Creole millionaire developer Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville on land that had been his family plantation just down river from the old city limits of New Orleans |
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downtown
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downtown" has historically referred to neighborhoods along the Mississippi River down-river (roughly northeast) from Canal Street, including the French Quarter, Tremé, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater, the 9th Ward, and other neighborhoods. Contrary to the common usage of "downtown" in other cities, this historic application of the term excluded the New Orleans Central Business District. (?)
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gates of prayer
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few miles upriver, the settlement of Lafayette City began to attract increasing numbers of more recent German arrivals. While the bustling Port of New Orleans handled all the international trade, Lafayette City (later incorporated into New Orleans as the Garden District) served as a staging point for the armada of steamboats and rafts that plied the domestic waterways. In general, Lafayette City tended to attract the more recent Jewish immigrants, less financially established than their downtown predecessors. Nearly all engaged in business, either as modest peddlers or as the owner of dry goods or mercantile establishments. In 1849, these residents organized the Jewish Benevolent Society of Lafayette. From this group evolved congregational services which were formalized the following year with the establishment of Congregation Shaare Tefillah (Gates of Prayer). Members initially hoped their that the more established Gates of Mercy would adopt Shaare Tefillah as a branch congregation, but the downtown Jews showed little interest in funding the project. Undaunted, the Lafayette City Jews proceeded to raise funds on their own. After meeting in a number of rented spaces, members succeeded in purchasing a building at the corner of Fulton Street and St. Mary. In 1859, the congregation purchased a lot at the corner of Jackson Avenue and Chippewa, but construction was delayed until the conclusion of the Civil War. Members of Gates of Prayer finally dedicated their new synagogue, (soon referred to as “The Jackson Avenue Shul”) on April 5, 1867, an event which included members from city’s other Jewish congregations as well as from the gentile community.
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dispersed of judah
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By the late 1840s, Gates of Mercy founding Sephardi members grew dissatisfied with the increasing German influence in their congregation, and decided to establish their own congregation in accordance with their Sephardic customs. They named their new congregation Nefutzoth Yehudah (Dispersed of Judah). According to some accounts, this name was chosen in order to attract the attention and largess of Judah Touro, the prominent New Orleans businessman and philanthropist.
The 1850s saw the establishment of the city’s first permanent synagogues. In 1850, Touro bestowed Dispersed of Judah with a place of worship, the former Christ Church at the corner of Canal and Bourbon Streets. Six years later, the congregation built a larger synagogue further uptown on Carondelet Street. The same year that Dispersed of Judah moved into the former Christ Church, members of Gates of Mercy began construction of their own synagogue on Rampart Street. The dedication in 1851 year was attended by many Christian residents and a number of Protestant ministers. |
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standard fruit co
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(now Dole Food Company) was established in the United States in 1924 by The Vaccaro Brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915 the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans, in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president Joseph Vaccaro becoming known as the "Ice King
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little saxony
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Turn left on Royal St. and look immediately to your right to see
the gardens and labyrinth of Lazarus House hospice. Just beyond, you’ll spy the bell towers of Holy Trinity, built for German Catholics in 1853. The influx of German immigrants to this area caused it to be dubbed “Little Saxony” in the mid-19th century. Proceed three blocks to Franklin Ave., which was originally the lower boundary of Marigny and once the site of a “rope walk,” a long unbroken shed where rope was formed.This neighborhood enterprise divided Faubourg Marigny from Bywater, a division still evidenced by a telltale jog in the streets that meet Franklin Ave |
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primary activity
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Economic activity involving agriculture, fishing, and extraction of mineral resources
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foubourg st john
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established in 1708, is a neighborhood in New Orleans, Louisiana, located just north of Broad Street at the intersection of Orleans Ave
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versailles
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Escaping the incoming Communist regime at the end of the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese fled to America in the mid-1970s, and quite a large number settled in Louisiana. Recent figures put the Louisiana Vietnamese population at 25,000, with the majority living throughout the New Orleans area.
Why New Orleans of all places? For one, the sub-tropical climate and proximity to water appealed to the refugees who felt most comfortable moving to an environment that reminded them of home. Also, many of those fleeing were Catholic, and both New Orleans and national Catholic charities were spearheading efforts to help newcomers find jobs and housing in the city. Word got out among Vietnamese refugees that family and friends were settling in New Orleans, making it an even more enticing destination. The Vietnamese settled in the newer, suburban parts of the city, particularly in New Orleans East but also in parts of Algiers, Avondale, and other places on the West Bank. Rents were cheap and the housing run-down, but the presence of the industrious Vietnamese community has since revitalized these areas. Upon arriving, the immigrants took whatever work they could find, in factories, in the service industry, or by doing odd jobs. As they became more established, many opened small businesses like restaurants, grocery stores, beauty and nail salons, and gift shops. Others moved to places like Grand Isle and Empire in Plaquemines Parish to take up the fishing and shrimping trades they knew at home. |
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irish
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1830 and 1850
french quarter famine began to drive them out of their homeland in the 1820s, a famine which peaked in the 1840s shifting the racial balance of the New Orleans population from black to white. influenced the local accent Until it was bought by Capital One in 2005, Hibernia Bank was the largest local bank in Louisiana. Hibernia is an old term for Ireland, and the bank, founded in 1870, prospered and quickly grew because of its Irish clientele. an uptown area near the Garden District called the Irish Channel retains its original name, architecture, and neighborhood feel. |
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germans
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1830s 1840s
educated brougt things other than farming, this community quickly began to provide life-saving sustenance to the ragged collection of soldiers and provincial bureaucrats occupying the haphazard encampment of buildings called New Orleans. The Germans established their colony on the Mississippi in 1721 and, as engagés, had a commission to sell their surplus harvest to the company for the purpose of supplying New Orleans. social aid and pleasure clubs benevolent societies that provided services to the community. Like the now well-known "social aid and pleasure clubs" established before the turn of the century in some New Orleans African American communities, these organizations helped members find employment, paid their burial expenses, and supplied life insurance to the families of deceased members. Germans participated in a wide range of assistance, social and artistic associations, many of which survive in some form today The most important of the earliest societies was the Deutsche Gesellschaft (founded in 1851), which provided assistance to new arrivals by welcoming them at the docks and helping them go through customs and get settled in the area, or find their way to transportation if their journey did not end in Louisiana. They also provided food and clothing, supplied transportation costs, and offered shelter and care to those who had fallen ill along the way. |
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jewish
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Jews came to Louisiana in the early 1800s
Sephardic Jewish communities comprised the first wave of Jewish immigration to the state. traders, retail, carpenters, surgon dentists |
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greeks
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The first significant Greek community to develop was in New Orleans, Louisiana during the 1850s. By 1866, the community was numerous and prosperous enough to have a Greek consulate and the first Greek Orthodox Church in the United States.
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italians:
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1900s sisaly
standard fruit co, progresso soups, central grocery stores, muffalattas, st joseph day alters, mafia' (before 1900s, not from sicily) |
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chineses
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1843
lake borne- first chinese colony in the us cigar makers, stewards, cotton mills, merchants, kite makers, |
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vietmanese-
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vietnam war-
405 govt apts for refugees welders, food service, fishers |
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why is it the most clururally diverse cities in the us?
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the port
originally under so many controls, immigragtion was easy to go unnoticed central hub 66,000 jobs in tourism |
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economic expansion possibilities
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insentive programs to lure business into town
go zone money- gulf coast opprtunity zones granting tax releifs |
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primary sector
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fisherman, going out and getting resource
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secondary
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making leather our of a cow skin
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tertiary
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providing services such as banking and retail
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pros and cons of centraliztion:
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pros+ people work together such as specialists, cheaper for the city, easy access and affordable structures, more job opprtunitinities
cons: overcrowdedness, pollution, crime, run down down facilities, ethnic tensions |
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urban sprawl:
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unplanned dissorganized growth of housing on city edges
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pros and cons decentralization:
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pros: less polution, escape crime, less congested
cons: transport costs, pollution, homogeneous culture, time constrants |
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pros and cons of gentrification
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pros: proprty value goes up, neighborhoods improve, crime drops
cons: low and middle income families are displaced |
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structural means to control flooding
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raising houses, pumps, leviess, dredging rivers, diverson canals
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