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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Marsupials
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- marsupials and monotremes are animals that descended from mammals that died out on most other continents.
- Ex: Kangaroos, koalas, wombats, and Tasmanian devils, small mice. - a marsupial gives birth to a premature offspring that then develops and feeds from nipples in a pouch on the mother's body. |
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Monotremes
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- Ex: Platypus, anteater
- monotremes are very unusual mammals because they lay eggs rather than gestate their young within the body, but then nurture the young with milk from the mother. |
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The Treaty of Waitangi
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- 1840
- the British annexed New Zealand through this treaty, which was a pact with 40 Maori chiefs on the North Island. - The purpose of the treaty was to protect Maori rights and land ownership if the Maori accepted the British monarch as their sovereign, granted a crown monopoly on land purchases, and became British subjects. - at the last minute before the treaty was signed, land agents purchased large areas of land around the Cook Strait, often without identifying the true Maori owners. - Treaty of Waitangi (1840s in New Zealand): treaty between British settlers and the N.Z. natives ( Maori) 1) establishes British government 2) recognizes Maori rights Differences in Maori and English versions Generally ignored by government, but provides different resources for Maori |
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National identity
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- all national identities are normative (based on an ideal, not reality)
- Racialized Gendered - most believe that Australians live in the outback, when in reality most live in Sydney. - Australian identity -British origins -Convict ancestors “-Born colonists” - New Zealand Maori rights and culture part of a national identity, this has not solved the issues of racism towards them. - 40,000-50,000 years ago Migration from southeast Asia to Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands 3,500 years ago Dispersal to more distant islands Australia – Aborigines New Zealand - Maoris |
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Maori
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- group in New Zealand
- small whaling settlements had established trading relationships with the Maori, who through such contacts obtained access to firearms, were exposed to disease, and were brought into a capitalist economy. - missionaries had also established settlements in the early 1800s and contributed to the transformation of Maori culture. - alarmed by British settlement, some Maori resisted the British and waged warfare for several years until suppressed in 1847. - the introduction of sheep prompted further settler expansion in search of pastures and a renewal of hostilities with the Maori during the Maori wars of the 1860s. - even though the treaty exists, it doesn't come into play until the 1980s. - the Maori arrived in New Zealand more recently than the aborigine. they are believed to have caused much more widespread environmental transformations than Australian Aborigines. - they hunted the mao bird to extinction, cleared 40% of the original trees, and practiced agriculture based on shifting cultivation of sweet potatoes. - they maori migrated from Polynesia. |
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- Race
- Naturalist theories of race - Historicist theories of race |
- naturalist- biological ( DNA, physical differences)
- historicist ( civilizational, cultural, less biological) all races could improve if they became more white. imagine races in a hierarchy. kind of like modernization theory but applied to peoples not states. - neither naturalist or historicist theory is unracist. both are rooted in a hierarchy. - deep issues of racism in New Zealand towards the Maori.<br>- Maori have large amount of poverty and alienation. Maori unemployment is twice that of white residents; average incomes, home ownership, and educational levels are less than half; and welfare dependence is much higher<br><br>- Indigenous Australians are disadvantaged on almost all economic and social indicators, with unemployment 4x the national average, much lower average incomes, housing quality, educational levels, higher levels of suicide, substance abuse, disease, and violence. |
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MIRAB
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- economy
- Migration Remittance Aid & and Bureaucracy - Island states very dependent on aid and migration - People go out for jobs & and send money back (remittance) - importation of labor> some countries have very small populations, so they need people to work. - a lot of countries are dependent on foreign aid. - pacific islands have in many ways been less affected by more recent globalization of trade, capital flows, culture, and labor than have other world regions. - they are sometimes called MIRAB economies because of their dependence on labor migration, jobs with foreign governments, and foreign aid. - many of the nations in Polynesia spend twice as much on imports as they gain from exports, and they must finance the deficit through borrowing, foreign aid, or remittances from citizens elsewhere. - compared to other countries in other parts of the world, total international debt is low in oceania because of the large flows of official aid, remittances from overseas workers, and interest on savings held outside the country. |
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Multiculturalism
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- Australia<br>- many cultures coming together as one.<br><br>- multiculturalism emerged in 1970s and set out to embrace the distinctive cultures of many different ethnic and immigrant groups. <br>- the national agenda for a multicultural australia (1989) set out to promote tolerance and cultural rights and to reduce discrimination, while maintaining english as the official language and avoiding special treatment for any one group.<br>- aborigines are just one of many ethnic groups in a multicultural society, so they can't recive special services. <br>- there has been opposition to immigration, aboriginal rights, and multiculturalism.<br>- prime minister john howard would not apologize for past offenses against aborigines and set limits on land claims.<br>- in 1990s, the One Nation party opposed immigration, multiculturalism, any special preferences for aborigines.
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biculturalism
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- New Zealand
- only two cultures, which divides people into groups - a maori and pakeha ( whites) bicultural society has been adopted in New Zealand, rather than a multicultural that would encompass other immigrant groups or recognize differences within Maori and other cultures. |
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Aborigines
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- Australian Aborigines have had no recourse to a treaty to assert their rights. <br>- they were seen by European colonists as primitive and their land as terra nullius (owned by no one) and therefore freely available to settlers. <br>- the aboriginal population (indigenous) was not counted in the census or allowed to vote until the 1960s. <br>- it was stereotyped as a primitive and homogeneous nomadic culture, when in fact there were many different cultures. <br>- one of the most misguided programs set out to assimilate the aboriginal population by forcibly removing their children from their families and communities and placing them in white foster homes and institutions from 1928-1964. This stolen generation of as many as 100,000 aboriginal children was officially acknowledged by the Australian government in the 1990s.<br><br>- the early inhabitants of Australia are ancestors of today's aborigines, who still preserve some traditions reflecting the early adaptations and modifications of the Australian environment.<br>- introduced the dingo.<br><br>- the aboriginal land rights act of 1976 gave Aborigines title to almost 20% of the Northern Territory and opened government land to claims through regional land councils. <br>- the states of South Australia and Western Australia have handed over land to Aboriginal ownership or leases. <br>- 1992 Australian High Court overruled the terra nullius doctrine, which encouraged Aboriginal cliams for land and compensation. <br>- Aboriginal control now extends over 15% of Australia. <br>- Aborigines still have less power and recognition than the Maori, and this is reflected in Australia's adoptation of a multicultural rather than bicultural policy of national integration.
- in 2000, more than 300,000 ppl marched in a walk of reconciliation, more than 1 million australians signed sorry books that stated.."we stole your land, children, and lives. sorry" to apologize for the treatment of aboriginal peoples. - many aborigines who migrated to the city settled in the suburb of Redfern and poverty and discrimination has made this neighborhood a focus of indigenous action and social programing. - Aboriginal peoples not seen as citizens or included in census until 1967 |
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El Nino and its consequences
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- enso (el nino sudden isolation) happens in clusters of years.
- reversal of the climate system. starts off coast of chili and peru. - Periodic Warming of Ocean Surface Warmer water off Peru’s Coast Global Climatic Effects Droughts in Brazil, Central America, and Australia Flooding in Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay Changes in North American Climate - Oceania extends into the region of the Pacific Ocean that is directly connected to El Nino, the periodic change in ocean temperature off the coast of Peru that affects weather worldwide. - El Nino caused severe drought in Papau New Guinea, Australia, and Micronesia, with crop failures and food shortages in New Guinea, expensive shipments of drinking water to smaller islands, and serious livestock loss and wildfires in Australia. |
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Aztec
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- cultural core in Mexico, but expand. wide ranging trade with Maya. Cities are large. Tenocteclom> capital city. warriors. harsh rules, the elites, conquered other areas.
- blood sacrifice (human) to satisfy the god of the sun. - Dams, irrigation systems, drainage canals Large cities Human sacrifice - believe Aztec empire was wiped out from swine flu and other diseases. - they were experts in the control of water. they constructed a network of dams, irrigation systems, and drainage canals in mexico to cope with the highly seasonal and variable rainfall pattern that in some seasons produced droughts and in order seasons produced lakes. |
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Maya
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- central america
- decrease in agricultural production, decreased warfare. - Decentralized political system Raised fields and hydraulic system environmental degradation - mayans occupied the Yuctan Peninsula, guatemala, and honduras. - mayans adapted slash and burn agriculture. |
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Inca
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- Rule in South America
- last of a series of empires - in mountains, people that rule have different cultures than people in lowlands. - infrastructure is difficult. - limited urbanization. use labor taxation/tributes. - Strong, central states Mountain environment Terraces, massive irrigation systems Labor taxation/tribute syste - Incas responded to the difficulties of living in a mountain environment through the construction of agricultural terraces. |
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Colombian exchange
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- exchange as culture, crops, animals, diseases.
- diseases decimation. 75-90% of people died. - goods went to Europe and were grown there. - horses, cattle, pigs, sheep had negative effects: soil erosion, etc. - guini pigs major food source. - decimation of population leads to scarcity of labor, abandonment of settlements and fields. - Exchange of cultural practices, crops, animals and diseases Crops and other goods Goods went to Europe to be grown there and elsewhere Crops brought to Latin America Pests Brought Over Weeds Cats, rats Competed with local species - Animals Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep Overgrazing Soil erosion Deforestation Demographic Collapse Began ~ 1500 Virgin epidemics 75% of indigenous peoples died (or more) Abandonment of settlements and fields Scarcity of labor - the interchange of crops, animals, people, and diseases between the old world of europe and africa and the new world of the americas. - when the spanish and colonial powers came, they brought plants and animals with them and unintentionally diseases, weeds, pests. - in latin america, the spanish introduced the crops and domesticated animals of their homeland. ( wheat, cattle, fruit and olive trees, horses, sheep, pigs. sugar, rice, citrus, coffee, cottom, and bananas, - spanish colonizers took back to europe corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and possibly syphilis. - over long periods, these exchanges had negative effects. clearing of land for european crops, such as wheat, and sugar and the overgrazzing by cattle and sheep contributed to soil erosion and deforestation in latin america and the caribbean. |
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Dominion
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- God gives man control and responsibility for nature.
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Rain shadow effect (know where it applies in the regions we’ve covered)
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- latin america: mountains also create rainshadow effect because winds passing over mountains from the coast to the interior lose their moisture over the higher altitudes and then become warmer and drier as they descend to the interior, creating arid conditions to the leeward of mountain ranges.
- dry region of southern Argentina in the Andes, and drier regions of Chihuahua in norther Mexico. - rain along the coast, no rain on the inside of the moutain |
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Tierra caliente
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- tierra's define changes in climate and vegetation with elevation. Different agricultural activities for each zone
Lower – warmer Higher – cooler - sea level (lowest) 2950 F - hottest (68-95 degrees F) - sugarcane, bananas, yams, maize, rice, poultry, pigs and cattle. |
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Tierra templada
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- (50-77 degree F)
- second lowest 5900 ft - Coffee, Maize, Coca, tomatoes, melons, cut flowers, dairy, cattle |
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Teirra fria
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- third highest 11,800 F
- 32-68 degrees F - wheat, barely, maize, potatoes, apples, sheep guinea pigs, llamas, alpacas, vicuna |
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Tierra Helada
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- highest (snowline) 16,400 F.
- 32 degrees F - highland grains and potatoes, sheep, guinea pigs, llamas, alpacas, vicuna |
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Domesticated plants and animals
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- Domestication is the most dramatic transformation of nature by early people in Latin America. <br>- over 10,000 years ago, wild plants and animals were domesticated into cultivated or tamed forms through selective breeding for preferred characteristics. <br>- many of the world's major food crops were domesticated by native latin americans. <br><br>Plants: maize, manioc, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, squash, avocadoes, pineapples, tobacco, vanilla, cacao, peanuts, coca<br><br>-latin america has very few indigenous domesticated animals. <br><br>Animals: llamas, alpacas were tamed and bred for wool, meat, or transport. dogs, guinea pigs bred for pets and meat. <br><br>- the increased yields from domesticated crops created a surplus that permitted the specialization of tasks, the growth of settlements and the development of very complex societies and cultures (mayan, incan, and aztex empires.) these groups all modified their environments to increase agricultural production and to exploit water, wood, and minerals to support their cities, metal production, and trade.<br><br>European rabbit was introduced (1850s)<br>Spread quickly destroying pastureland<br>Hunting, diseases, and rabbit proof fences<br>Prickly pear cactus
Cane toad Introduced in 1930s for pest control Poisonous to predators Very healthy breeders Extermination plans, current Fertilizer Golf gloves - |
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Latifundia
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- process of consolidating land ownership into fewer hands.
- latifundia (large rural landholdings or agricultural estates). typically occupied the best land, forcing other farmers onto small plots of land. |
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de las Casas
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“Black Legend” of Spanish Conquest
- Bartolome de las Casas: “It was upon these gentle lambs [indigenous people], that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days.” - de la casas (conquestador) frees his slaves and becomes a priest, advocating for the indiginous people. - he believes that the Spanish are separating themselves from god by being brutal. not that slavery is bad. - conquestador. has conversion experience. argues for better treatment for indigenous ppl of the world. |
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Pizarro
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- Spanish Conquestador, traveled through the pacific coast of Peru.
-He discovered the Incan Empire and conquered it quickly and brutally, stealing lots of gold, silver, etc. - established the city of Lima. - Pizarro: “I have not come for that [to convert indigenous people], I have come to take their gold from them.” |
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Monroe Doctrine
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- 1823
- Called for European non-interference in Latin America 1848 - U.S. War with Mexico - Europe does not interfere in Latin America - U.S. dealing with gap between rich and poor - U.S. not interested in establishing direct colonies. - 1823, President James Monroe issued Monroe doctrine stating that european military interference in the western hemisphere, including the caribbean and latin america would no longer be acceptable, but would be considered a threat to the peace and security of the U.S. and considered a hostile act. - in return for european noninvolvement in the western hemisphere, the U.S. would not interfere in european affairs. - this doctrine set the stage for subsequent U.S. involvement and intervention in latin america and the growth of U.S. economic and political dominance in the region. |
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Minor Keith
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- 1871
- get contract to build a railroad in Costa Rica, plants bananas alongside the railroads. when railroad is complete, its easy to transport bananas and bananas become very popular in the U.S. and are very cheap. - american that built the first railroad in guatemala. - laying the foundations for what eventually became the United Fruit Company, one of America's great overseas private enterprises. |
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United Fruit Company
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- (UFCO), 1899<br>- owns the land in guatemala <br>- Ties to Eisenhower Administration<br><br>Works with US State Department<br><br>- Keith created a huge domestic American market. In order to stabilize this market, in 1899 he and several other banana importers organized several smaller companies into the pioneer banana giant, the United Fruit Company.
- Keith also developed extensive banana and railroad interests in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic. |
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Jacobo Arbenz
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- elected, 1950
- president of guatemala - made land reform his central project - His efforts to expropriate idle land owned by the United Fruit Co. and his alleged communist links led to an invasion sponsored by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. When the army refused to defend Arbenz against what appeared to be a superior force, he resigned and went into exile, and the CIA installed the leader of the proxy army, Col. Carlos Castillo Armas (1914 – 57), as president. |
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Land reform
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- Guatemala revolution of 1944
- new constitution led to land reform. - Land and Labor reforms Land titles lead to competition, accommodation Titling land is costly and “risky” Role of local militias |
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Bitter Fruit
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- (1982) sees CIA backed coup as product of UFCO influence on politics – influence of business
- Bitter Fruit is a comprehensive and insightful account of the CIA operation to overthrow the democratically elected government of Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala in 1954. |
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Geopolitical rhetoric
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Guatemala is “4 hours from Miami”
CIA calls Arbenz’ reforms “an intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by the touchy, anti-foreign inferiority complex of the ‘Banana Republic.’” US government represents Guatemala as “Soviet satellite” |
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CIA
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- Flies planes over the country dropping leaflets
Funds an guerrilla army Led by handpicked future president – Carlos Castillo Armas Funds student dissident groups - CIA creates fake radio broadcast (taped in Florida), imagining there's an underground insurgency. They create false narrative about how bad the insurgency is doing. - they funded a guerilla army - funded student groups to overthrow the U.S. government - CIA funds radio liberacion. |
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Radio Liberacion
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- fake radio broadcasts
- convince people there's a successful insurgency going on when there really isn't. - original CIA version successful in bringing political change. |
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Hyper globalists
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- Demise of nation-state
- refers to scholars that believe globalization is one happening, occuring all over the globe. its consequences are political change, etc. say that globalization is undermining the nation state. - ex: England is losing political power as economic globalization is taking over. - as globalization and economic globalization increases, national boundries will become less important. governments will not be able to control their economies. UN, etc are more important as nation states less important. Ex: NAFTA undermining U.S. national economy. - not pro or anti-globalization, see globalization as shifting everything |
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Globalization skeptics
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- Less global today than in 19th century
- globalization not important. economic integration less important now than in the past. focus on the fact that governments are essential regulatory agencies, not losing power. |
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transformationalists
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- Future unpredictable, but globalization leads to internal and international changes
- middle-road. recognize what skeptics says. believe also that globalization is regional. globalization produces tension in different places. |
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Elite
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Categories give us a way of talking about inequality within regions and nation-states
All regions have all categories - Participants in and beneficiaries of globalization - can participate in global economy. access to communication, capital, transportation. elites in all regions - elites participate in global metropolitanism. they have access to the same consumer goods. |
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Embattled Middle
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- Participants, but with fewer benefits and opportunities
- the embattled middle: unclear where they are in globalization. |
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Marginalized
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- Few opportunities within global economy
-little access to global economy, increased opportunity. exists everywhere. more in some places than others. |
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Encomienda
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- when the Spanish crown would grant the fruits of labour to the conquestadors.
- labor for the haciendas, plantations, and mines was obtained initially through the institution of encomienda, a system by which groups of indigenous people were entrusted to spanish colonists who could demand tribute in the form of labor, crops, or goods. |
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Repartimiento
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- elites could have Indians buy goods and the profit goes to the district leader, not the people who did the work.
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White Australia policy
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- 1901
- Ranked British and northern Europeans highest - Abolished in 1973 - refers to set of immigration policy that privileged Northern and Western Europeans over Southern Europeans. |
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Stolen generations
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– 1910-1970
- family removal policy - one of the most misguided programs set out to assimilate the aboriginal population by forcibly removing their children from their families and communities and placing them in white foster homes and institutions from 1928-1964. This stolen generation of as many as 100,000 aboriginal children was officially acknowledged by the Australian government in the 1990s. |
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Global climate change and Oceania
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- tuvalo may be the 1st country to actually disappear due to global warming, climate change.
- ocean is especially vulnerable to global environmental changes, especially ozone depletion, global warming, and sea level rise. - australia has growing incidence of skin cancer - human activities have caused an increase in carbon dioxide associated with global warming. - in oceania the impacts of global warming include drier conditions in australia, increasing risk of forest fires and the melting of new zealand's glaciers. - the rise of global temperatures is likely to produce a significant rise in sea levels; sea level rise is of urgent concern to many pacific islands because this may result in the disappearance of land, salt water moving into drinking water supplies and an increased vulnerability to storms. - Climate Change Ozone depletion Skin cancers Cataracts Danger to marine organisms Global warming Even dryer conditions in Australia Melting of New Zealand’s glaciers Sea-level rise |
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.tv
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- suffix for tuvalo
- suffix web address. tuvalo sells it. - .tv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the islands of Tuvalu. - Global communications |
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Island biogeography
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- pattern in pacific islands where smaller islands are generally less diverse than the larger ones is in accordance with the theory of island biogeography.
- 3 general principles 1) diversity of plants/ animals increases with size. 2) plants transported by ocean or air will spread. (ex: cocounts, transported by ocean or fruit seeds could be transported by air and eaten by birds) 3) diversity decreases with distance from land masses. ( the variety declines as one moves eastward away from the larger landmasses.) Theory of island biogeography Diversity increases with size Plants transported by ocean or air are more widespread Less diversity further from larger landmasses |
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Exotic species
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- oceania's isolation has led to the development of the some of the most diverse and vulnerable ecosystems
- many of the species that evolved from the isolated populations have remarkable adaptations to the physical environment and are found only in that locality. - there are more than 20,000 different plant species, 650 species of birds, and 380 species of reptiles in Australia. - foreign species (such as the dingo) have devastated the native species of Oceania. - Ecological imperialism ( the way in which european organisms took over the ecosystem led to the extinction of many native species through hunting, competition. these species are now called exotics because they come from other places. - “Exotics”: they come from elsewhere |
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Peninsulars
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peninsulars are those born in Spain. the spanish divided themselves between the peninsulares and the criolles (born in america), with the elite sending their pregnant wives to spain so that their children would be born there and have highest social status.
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Supra-national organizations
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ex: EU, NAFTA, OPEC.
- aim to treat the world or the respective regions as seamless trading areas not hindered by the rules that ordinarily regulate national economies. - the increasing importance of these trade facilitating organizations is the most telling indicator that the world is experiencing global geopolitical transformations. |
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hero girl
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- character in the Sydney opening olympics ceremony.
- she represents british settlers in australia. related to national identity. - australian national identity imagined through hero girl in olympics |
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secessionist movement
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- final chapter argument of whether supranational organizations gaining power, and nation states are losing power.
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masculinity
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related to australian national identity.
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Demographic collapse
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- after 1500, the indigenous populations of the Americas died off due to diseases introduced by the Europeans to which residents of the Americans had no immunity.
- native people lacked resistance and immunity to European diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles because of the long isolation of the americas from other continents. - 75% of the population of latin america died in epidemics . - this massive mortality demoralized local ppl, leading to the abandonment of their settlements and fields, and scarcity of labor to work in the mines, missions, and agricultural activities with which the spanish hoped to support their colonial enterprise. |
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Plantations
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- large agricultural estates (usually tropical or semitropical and commerical or export oriented).
- most were established in the colonial period, growing single crops, such as sugar or tobacco for export, mainly in the wetter coastal areas. |
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haciendas
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- established to grow crops such as olives and wheat, mainly for domestic consumption in mines, missions, and cities rather than for export.
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atolls
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- low coral islands, created from the build up of skeletons of coral organisms that grow in shallow tropical waters.
- atolls are usually circular with a series of coral reefs or small islands, ringing and sheltering an interior lagoon. - ex: tuvalo |
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Ladinos
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- applied to any non-indian
- for example: the populations of Guatemala and Honduras and the Mexican state of Chiapas would be divided between indians and Ladinos. - ladino culture is fragile because it is defined in negative terms. - ladino is the culture of people who have some degree of Indian culture but turn away from it to seek a new non-indian national identity. - ladinos try to blend in or imitate with mestizo or criollo groups. |
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Orographic lifting
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When a parcel of warm air reaches a mountain range, it is lifted up the mountain slope, cooling as it rises. This process is known as orographic lifting and the cooling of the air often results in large clouds, precipitation, and even thunderstorms.
- Orographic lifting is a fascinating process that keeps the windward sides of mountain ranges moist and filled with vegetation but the leeward sides dry and barren. |
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Territorial Control Oceania
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- Spanish and Portuguese sailors controlled Guam. <br>- The Dutch explored the west coast and south coasts of Australia. <br>- The British government decided to populate New South Wales by using it as a penal colony. The british sent convicts to relieve pressure on the prisons and to reinforce territorial claims, and provide cheap labor for economic development. <br>- The British established several settlements around the coast.<br>- More than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia by 1868.<br>- British sovereignty and the first official settlers' colonies were not established until the 1840s.<br>- alarmed by European settlement, some Maori resisted the British and waged warfare for several years until suppressed in 1847.<br>- initially the Pacific islands were of little interest to European explorers and were drawn more slowly than Australia and New Zealand. <br>- during the age of discovery, Guam, Palau and parts of Micronesia became spanish colonies.<br>- a Britain and France rose to power in Europe in the 18th century, a series of explorations set out for the Pacific.<br><br>- Wool exports<br>By 1860 exporting 35 million pounds of wool to Britain<br>Wheat production expands<br>Gold Rush: Late 1800’s<br>Other metals and minerals <br>Construction of railroads and roads
- New Zealand 1792 – Establishment of sealing stations 1840 – The Treaty of Waitangi Official settlement begins - Maori uprisings Discovery of gold and other metals Refrigeration enables the export of perishables Meat and dairy products - - Spanish and Portuguese sailors controlled Guam. <br>- The Dutch explored the west coast and south coasts of Australia. <br>- The British government decided to populate New South Wales by using it as a penal colony. The british sent convicts to relieve pressure on the prisons and to reinforce territorial claims, and provide cheap labor for economic development. <br>- The British established several settlements around the coast.<br>- More than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia by 1868.<br>- British sovereignty and the first official settlers' colonies were not established until the 1840s.<br>- alarmed by European settlement, some Maori resisted the British and waged warfare for several years until suppressed in 1847.<br>- initially the Pacific islands were of little interest to European explorers and were drawn more slowly than Australia and New Zealand. <br>- during the age of discovery, Guam, Palau and parts of Micronesia became spanish colonies.<br>- a Britain and France rose to power in Europe in the 18th century, a series of explorations set out for the Pacific.<br><br>- Wool exports<br>By 1860 exporting 35 million pounds of wool to Britain<br>Wheat production expands<br>Gold Rush: Late 1800’s<br>Other metals and minerals <br>Construction of railroads and roads<br><br>- New Zealand<br>1792 – Establishment of sealing stations<br>1840 – The Treaty of Waitangi<br>Official settlement begins<br><br>- Maori uprisings<br>Discovery of gold and other metals<br>Refrigeration enables the export of perishables<br>Meat and dairy products - Pacific Islands Originally of little interest to Europeans Late 1700’s early 1900’s traders and missionaries British, French, and Germans |
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landscapes and environment of Oceania
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- defined by its dependence on the Pacific Ocean.
- Isolated; low population ( 31 million people) - unevenly distributed - Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia> 3 island regions - Australia, New Zealand, and Papau New Guinea> 3 more populas regions. home to 90% of the region. - Continental Shield - Little orogenic activity - Three major regions The Great Dividing Range The Interior Lowlands Murray River Darling River Lake Eyre The Western Plateau Simpson Desert Great Sandy Desert Ayres Rock (Uluru) - New Zealand Tectonically active South Island The Southern Alps Mt. Cook (12,316 ft.) Glaciers The Canterbury Plain North Island Volcanic activity Mt. Ruapehu - New Guinea 2nd largest island Mountain spine 13,000 feet Papua New Guinea Pacific Islands High islands Volcanic High rainfall Low islands Atolls Tuvalu |
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Latin America Landforms and Environment
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- The Andes
5000 miles long Highest point – 22,830 ft. The Amazon River 2.3 million square mile basin 20% of the World’s fresh water The Amazon Rainforest 100,000 + species The Caribbean Basin - Intertropical Convergence Equatorial rainforests Tropical Subsidence Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts – Mexico Altacama Desert – Chile Trade Winds Seasonal rainfall Topography Orographic lifting Rainshadow effect - |
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territorial control of Latin America
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15th C. – Spanish colonization begins; Spanish and Portuguese explorers arrived, linking a Latin America periphery to a European Core.<br>- Christopher Colombus went on a 2nd voyage to establish permenent settlements. on other voyages he explored trinidad, coasts of venezuela, and central america.<br>1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas agreement made by Pope Alexander VI to divide the world between Span and Portugul. Portugal recieved Brazil and parts of Africa.<br>-Span recieved the area to the west.
- colonial effort in Latin America was a process that took place over at least two centuries, with some places incorporated earlier than others and some regions never coming under complete control because of their remoteness. - many accounts have portrayed the Spanish in negative terms but there are some spanish settlers that were concerned about the rights of the local people |
