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151 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Geography

Interaction of people and their environment, that interaction causes spaces and patterns and how terrain is organized

5 Themes of Geography

1. Location


2. Place


3. Human and Environment relationships


4. Movement/linkage


5. Region

Location types (2)

1. Absolute location


2. Relative Location

Absolute location

1. Formal location, degrees, the distance in miles etc..


2. Where the place is exactly on a geometric grid



Relative Location

Where a place is in relation to other places


Not as formal

Ways that relative location can change (2)

1. New faster ways to get places (transportation)


2. Infrasctructure improvement



What is one of the main themes of Location?

Spatial Distribution



Spatial Distribution characteristics (3)

1. Density


2. Concentration


3. Pattern

Density

Characteristic of spatial distribution (location)


How evenly spaced things are (high and low)

Concentration

Characteristic of (location)


How clustered things are


Are they in a tight space?



Pattern

Characteristic of location


Are they aligned in a pattern or sets of threes

Spatial Analysis

How we interpret data and relationships of why patterns developed

Aspects of spatial analysis, Questions to Ask when making your analysis?

1. Are 2 events or situations related


2. Is there environmental factors that are associated with it?


3. Cultural or Historical explanations


4. How have humans affected it?

Theme # 2 Place

Features physical and human-made and how they relate

Aspects of the theme of location

1. Historical- (Does the place have historical appeal (gold rush)


2. Climate (hot or cold)


3. Attractions (landmarks)

Site

Almost the exact location smaller piece of land

Place (landscape elements)

1. Natural features


2. Land division


3. Street patterns

Land division

A landscape element


This is why we carve out places like we do, for crop growing building houses

Street patterns

A landscape element


Why our cities are market (named streets)

Human Environment Interaction Theme


What systems are involved (2)

1. Physical Systems


2. Human Systems

Physical Systems


Layers (4)

Element of Human enviro relationship


1. Atmosphere


2. Lithosphere


3. Hydrosphere


4. Biosphere


Those you cant control as much

Human Systems

Those systems that are impacted by humans


1. Economic


2. Cultural


3. Political

Reciprocal interaction

People shape environment

Determinism

People shape the environment

Posibilism

Environment shapes and influences people

Theme 4 movement Linkage connection

Greatest influence comes from things closest to us

Aspects of Linkage and connection

1. Distance

Distance when it relates to Linkage?

Distance Decay: Some things are more important in certain areas, for example a newspaper is more important the closer you are to where it is printed

How can places be formed?

If there is something that people want, for example if there is a crop fertile region, people will plant there and shape terrain

Linkage

Connecting many locations together


1. Raildroads


2. Freeways

3 types of diffusion

1. Relocation Diffusion


2. Contagious diffusion


3. Hierarchial diffusion

Relocation Diffusion

Traveling to another location

Contagioius Diffusion

Continues after relocation


1. Person takes religion to another place and it stays in that location after the person leaves

Hierarchial Diffusion

Following a trend, following other looked up to cultures

Factors that affect diffusion (2)

1. Barrier (desserts, mountains, ocean)


2. Political (Tension between countries)

Theme 5 Regions

Areas defined by distinctive characteristics

3 types of regions

1. Formal


2. Functional


3. Venecular

Formal Region

Predominent (main) cultural characteristics or languages these are larger areas

Functional Regions

Organized units, smaller areas, example is a school district

Venacular Regions

Not real areas are based on perception


ex: Nor cal, South Cal

Regions lines problems

1. Can be fuzzy and more political, transition zones, a lot of conflict happens over region lines

Location Theme Key word to know

Next to or close to

Place Theme Key word to know

The name of a place or a city is a key indicator

Human Environmentt Theme Key word to know

A natural event description (Drought flood)

Movement/Linkage Theme Key word to know

Comes to

Region Theme Key word to know

New country, boundaries

Township and Range System Step 1

1. Start with the smallest unit


Named as such NE 1/4 of SW 1/4

Township and Range System Step 2

Name the section number usually out of 36


ex: Section 11

Township and Range System Step 3

Determine direction North and South


North and South written with a T


East and West written with a R


T3S, R5E

T3S, R5E

3 down (south) 5 right (east)

Mtd Dl+m

Final part of the Usland survey system equation

Latitude AKA?

Also known as Parallels


Go North and South

1 degree of latitude is how far (miles)

69

1 minute is how many miles?

1.15 miles

Latitudes are divided into 3 sections

1. Low: 0-30 North and South


2. Mid: 30-60 North or South


3. High: 60-90 North or South

Longitude AKA?

Meridians


0-180 degrees East and West

Prime meridian goes through which country?

Grenwich England

Is the lenght (miles) same for every degree of longitude?

No it varies

What are the time zones based on?

Meridians

Grenwich mean time

time at 0 degrees longitude grenwich England

International date line

180 degrees East or West of Grenwich


the date changes by 1 day


its uneven to accomodate countries stuck in between, large portion is water

Maps are?

2d simplifications of terrain

Maps where important early?

Symbolized journeys of exploration and discovery

Scale

Ratio to telll distances on a map

Types of scales? (3)

1. representative fractions


2. Written Statement


3. Graphic Scale

Representative fraction scale

1:24,000 or 1/124,000

Written statement scale

1 inch equals a mile

Graphic scale

Ruler like shows inches and how far each is

Small scalle map

Less detail, larger denominator

Large scale map

More detail smaller denominator

Smallest scale

Largest denominator

Largest scale

Smallest denominator

Projection

Scientific method of drawing locations to a flat map

Equivalent (equal are map)

Actual sizes are kept on maps

Conformal maps

Accurate shapes are kept

Mercator projection

cylindrical square projection, the standard map projection

Point

A symbol that shows things at discrete locations

Proportional symbols

Circles squares and other shapes

Area Symbols

Different shapes and colors, ratios or percentages

Line symbols

Roads and railroads



Contour lines

Type of line symbol


connects points of equal elevation

Flow Lines

Type of line symbol


shows flows between locations, (traffic,trade routes)

Remote sensing (Geospatial tech) Uses (3)

1. Weather patterns


2. Plant growth


3. Urbanization

GPS



GLobal positioning system


Satellites and radio signals used to determine location

GIS

Geographic Information system


Database software, to gather digital info, specific characteristics

Mental Maps

These are user generated maps


Downfalls


1. People show places they like or go to only


2. Depends on the familiarity

Iso line maps

Areas separated by lineson a map aiP$

Weather vs climate

Weather is day to day changes


Climate Summary of weatherconditions through time (patterns through time)

Insolation

Amount of solar radiation or energy thatwe receive

Insolation varies depending on?

intensity of the solar radiation and the duration of the sunlight 5X

Intensity determined by what

This is determinedmainly by the angle of incidence

When is intensity at its highest?

When sun is striking the earth from a closer to 90 degree angle (from above)

Duration of light depends on what?


Where is there less variation of hours of sunlight throughout the year

Depends on how many hours of sunlight there are


Equator

Artic an Antarctic circles are at what degrees?


What is unique about them?

66.5 degrees N and S pt;line\b


You never 24 hours of consecutive daylight at least once

Equinoxes

2 days during the year where we get 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of sunlight everywhere on Earth yt

Solstices

2 days of longest andshortest day and nights

Spring/Vernal Equinoxes

Northern hemisphere

Fall Autumn Equinoxes

Southern Hemisphere



Tropic of cancer and Capricorn

23.5 degrees N or S


sun is never directly ahead or poleward of this line

Short vs Long wave

Sunlight enters atmoshphere as short wave


IT gets absorbed and redirected as long wave which cant escape because of greenhouse effect

Latent heat exchange

This is the transfer of energy fromlow to high altitudes Evaporation at the equator absorbs heat

Convection

upward movement of gases as a result of heating below

The lapse rate

Temperature decreases with elevation


3.5 degrees for each 1,000 feet

Winds blow from where to where

From areas of high to low pressure


From cold to hot because cold creates High pressure

Ocean currents are affected by

wind patterns

cold currents just offshore are associated with?

coastal deserts


Atacama, Namib, Australian

water vapor

Gaseous state of water, evaporation


invisible

Precipitation

liquid form can come from saturation

Condensation

Change of a gas to a liquid

Relative Humidty

Actual/Potential


How much water vapor is in the air vs how much it can hold. at 100% saturation and condensation occur

Dew Point

Temp at which droplets can condense and dew can form

Convectional precipitation

Warm air rises it cools and spreads and forms cloud if air mass is correct it can rain

Orographic precipitation

Air rises along the side of a mountain creating rain on one side and leaving dry rainshadow deserts on the other side

Frontal Cyclonic precipitation

2 masses of different temperature air meet

Koppean System

Most used climate system, based on distribution of plants

5 Climate types +1

A-E, and H

A

Are warm all year round

B

They are dry and have limited moisture

C

Where we live, more seasonality, cool winters and warm summers

D

Cold winters and mild Summers

E

Climate is cold all year

H

Highland and mountain areas

A (2 main types)

1. Humid Tropical


2. Seasonably humid tropical

Humid tropical


Near where?


Type of climate

A climate


Near Equator


Zero or minimal dry seasons

Seasonably Humid Tropical climates


Near where?


Type of climate

Warm year round


Savanna biome (wet and dry seasons)

B climates (2 types)

Move outward from the equator due to rising and sinking air


Dry climates


Semi Arid climates

Dry climates


Near where?


Type of climate

B types


Desert climates


warm and dry subtropics

Semi Arid climates

B climate


Between deserts or humid areas


short grass dry year round

C Climate


Near where?


Type of climate


Types (3)?

Midlatitude climates


1. Humid Subtropical


2. Marine West coast


3. Mediterranean climates

Humid Subtropical

C climate


Warm moist summers


25-40 degrees on east side of continents

Marine West Coast


latitude?


where?

Mild climates, clouds and drizzles (small)


35-65 degrees


continental west coast

Mediterranean Climates

Warm dry summers, precipitation in winter

D climates


Types (2)

Cold mid latitude climates


1. Humid continental climate


2. Subartic climates

Humid Continental climate


Near where?


Type of climate


latitudes


biomes

Remote from oceans= little precipitation


35-60 degrees


forest, needleaf

Subartic climates


Near where?


Type of climate


country that is an example

Northern edge of continents


cold and dry


Canada


needleaf evergreen

E climates


Near where?


Types (2)

High latitude climates


very low temps


1. Tundra Climate


2. Ice cap climates

Tundra Climate


Near where?


Type of climate

E climate


very cold


little precipiatation


NO trees


water mass not condusive for rain

Ice cap climate


Near where?


Type of climate


Country that is example

E climate


no months with temp above freezing


Greenland or Antarctica

H climate

Highlands climate


changes in climate over short distances due to changes in elevation

Climate change variablity millions

1.8m-10,000 years ago when homo sapiens started appearing we started alternating between periods of cold and warm weather

Continental Glaciations

Entire areas or continents covered by ice

Last Ice age when?

9-18,000 years ago


for the last 9000 years it has been around what it is today

Last Ice Age corresponds with what? (3)

1. Northward spread human migration


2. Agriculture invented


3. Cities invented

1500-1750 and AD and vikings?

As it got colder Vikings abandoned Greenland and North America

Causes of climate change (3)

1. Astronomical factors


2. Geologic factors


3. Human FactorsA

Astronomical Factors


Out of our control

1. Earth's orbit


2. Earth's tilt


3. Sunspots- where the sun is pointing at on earth

Geologic factors (3)


impacts, movement, eruptions

Meteoric impacts


continental drift


Volcanic eruptions

Human factors

Green house gases


Deforestation

Evidence of global warming (3)

Global avg temps are up


Melting glaciers


More CO2 in atmosphere

Consequences of global warming (4)

Sea level rise


Flooding


Salt water poisoning fresh water


warmer= mosquitoes= diseases


soil terrain change to adapt to weather



Responses to stop Global warming

1. Lower CO2 emissions


2. Carbon Tax


3. Solar and wind energy


4. Sequester greenhouse gases, find way to remove them from atmospere