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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Geography |
Interaction of people and their environment, that interaction causes spaces and patterns and how terrain is organized |
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5 Themes of Geography |
1. Location 2. Place 3. Human and Environment relationships 4. Movement/linkage 5. Region |
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Location types (2) |
1. Absolute location 2. Relative Location |
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Absolute location |
1. Formal location, degrees, the distance in miles etc.. 2. Where the place is exactly on a geometric grid |
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Relative Location |
Where a place is in relation to other places Not as formal |
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Ways that relative location can change (2) |
1. New faster ways to get places (transportation) 2. Infrasctructure improvement |
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What is one of the main themes of Location? |
Spatial Distribution |
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Spatial Distribution characteristics (3) |
1. Density 2. Concentration 3. Pattern |
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Density |
Characteristic of spatial distribution (location) How evenly spaced things are (high and low) |
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Concentration |
Characteristic of (location) How clustered things are Are they in a tight space? |
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Pattern |
Characteristic of location Are they aligned in a pattern or sets of threes |
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Spatial Analysis |
How we interpret data and relationships of why patterns developed |
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Aspects of spatial analysis, Questions to Ask when making your analysis? |
1. Are 2 events or situations related 2. Is there environmental factors that are associated with it? 3. Cultural or Historical explanations 4. How have humans affected it? |
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Theme # 2 Place |
Features physical and human-made and how they relate |
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Aspects of the theme of location |
1. Historical- (Does the place have historical appeal (gold rush) 2. Climate (hot or cold) 3. Attractions (landmarks) |
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Site |
Almost the exact location smaller piece of land |
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Place (landscape elements) |
1. Natural features 2. Land division 3. Street patterns |
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Land division |
A landscape element This is why we carve out places like we do, for crop growing building houses |
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Street patterns |
A landscape element Why our cities are market (named streets) |
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Human Environment Interaction Theme What systems are involved (2) |
1. Physical Systems 2. Human Systems |
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Physical Systems Layers (4) |
Element of Human enviro relationship 1. Atmosphere 2. Lithosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Biosphere Those you cant control as much |
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Human Systems |
Those systems that are impacted by humans 1. Economic 2. Cultural 3. Political |
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Reciprocal interaction |
People shape environment |
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Determinism |
People shape the environment |
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Posibilism |
Environment shapes and influences people |
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Theme 4 movement Linkage connection |
Greatest influence comes from things closest to us |
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Aspects of Linkage and connection |
1. Distance |
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Distance when it relates to Linkage? |
Distance Decay: Some things are more important in certain areas, for example a newspaper is more important the closer you are to where it is printed |
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How can places be formed? |
If there is something that people want, for example if there is a crop fertile region, people will plant there and shape terrain |
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Linkage |
Connecting many locations together 1. Raildroads 2. Freeways |
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3 types of diffusion |
1. Relocation Diffusion 2. Contagious diffusion 3. Hierarchial diffusion |
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Relocation Diffusion |
Traveling to another location |
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Contagioius Diffusion |
Continues after relocation 1. Person takes religion to another place and it stays in that location after the person leaves |
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Hierarchial Diffusion |
Following a trend, following other looked up to cultures |
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Factors that affect diffusion (2) |
1. Barrier (desserts, mountains, ocean) 2. Political (Tension between countries) |
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Theme 5 Regions |
Areas defined by distinctive characteristics |
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3 types of regions |
1. Formal 2. Functional 3. Venecular |
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Formal Region |
Predominent (main) cultural characteristics or languages these are larger areas |
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Functional Regions |
Organized units, smaller areas, example is a school district |
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Venacular Regions |
Not real areas are based on perception ex: Nor cal, South Cal |
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Regions lines problems |
1. Can be fuzzy and more political, transition zones, a lot of conflict happens over region lines |
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Location Theme Key word to know |
Next to or close to |
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Place Theme Key word to know |
The name of a place or a city is a key indicator |
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Human Environmentt Theme Key word to know |
A natural event description (Drought flood) |
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Movement/Linkage Theme Key word to know |
Comes to |
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Region Theme Key word to know |
New country, boundaries |
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Township and Range System Step 1 |
1. Start with the smallest unit Named as such NE 1/4 of SW 1/4 |
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Township and Range System Step 2 |
Name the section number usually out of 36 ex: Section 11 |
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Township and Range System Step 3 |
Determine direction North and South North and South written with a T East and West written with a R T3S, R5E |
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T3S, R5E |
3 down (south) 5 right (east) |
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Mtd Dl+m |
Final part of the Usland survey system equation |
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Latitude AKA? |
Also known as Parallels Go North and South |
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1 degree of latitude is how far (miles) |
69 |
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1 minute is how many miles? |
1.15 miles |
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Latitudes are divided into 3 sections |
1. Low: 0-30 North and South 2. Mid: 30-60 North or South 3. High: 60-90 North or South |
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Longitude AKA? |
Meridians 0-180 degrees East and West |
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Prime meridian goes through which country? |
Grenwich England |
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Is the lenght (miles) same for every degree of longitude? |
No it varies |
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What are the time zones based on? |
Meridians |
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Grenwich mean time |
time at 0 degrees longitude grenwich England |
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International date line |
180 degrees East or West of Grenwich the date changes by 1 day its uneven to accomodate countries stuck in between, large portion is water |
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Maps are? |
2d simplifications of terrain |
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Maps where important early? |
Symbolized journeys of exploration and discovery |
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Scale |
Ratio to telll distances on a map |
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Types of scales? (3) |
1. representative fractions 2. Written Statement 3. Graphic Scale |
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Representative fraction scale |
1:24,000 or 1/124,000 |
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Written statement scale |
1 inch equals a mile |
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Graphic scale |
Ruler like shows inches and how far each is |
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Small scalle map |
Less detail, larger denominator |
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Large scale map |
More detail smaller denominator |
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Smallest scale |
Largest denominator |
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Largest scale |
Smallest denominator |
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Projection |
Scientific method of drawing locations to a flat map |
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Equivalent (equal are map) |
Actual sizes are kept on maps |
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Conformal maps |
Accurate shapes are kept |
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Mercator projection |
cylindrical square projection, the standard map projection |
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Point |
A symbol that shows things at discrete locations |
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Proportional symbols |
Circles squares and other shapes |
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Area Symbols |
Different shapes and colors, ratios or percentages |
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Line symbols |
Roads and railroads |
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Contour lines |
Type of line symbol connects points of equal elevation |
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Flow Lines |
Type of line symbol shows flows between locations, (traffic,trade routes) |
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Remote sensing (Geospatial tech) Uses (3) |
1. Weather patterns 2. Plant growth 3. Urbanization |
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GPS |
GLobal positioning system Satellites and radio signals used to determine location |
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GIS |
Geographic Information system Database software, to gather digital info, specific characteristics |
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Mental Maps |
These are user generated maps Downfalls 1. People show places they like or go to only 2. Depends on the familiarity |
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Iso line maps |
Areas separated by lineson a map aiP$ |
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Weather vs climate |
Weather is day to day changes Climate Summary of weatherconditions through time (patterns through time) |
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Insolation |
Amount of solar radiation or energy thatwe receive |
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Insolation varies depending on? |
intensity of the solar radiation and the duration of the sunlight 5X |
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Intensity determined by what |
This is determinedmainly by the angle of incidence |
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When is intensity at its highest? |
When sun is striking the earth from a closer to 90 degree angle (from above) |
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Duration of light depends on what? Where is there less variation of hours of sunlight throughout the year |
Depends on how many hours of sunlight there are Equator |
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Artic an Antarctic circles are at what degrees? What is unique about them? |
66.5 degrees N and S pt;line\b You never 24 hours of consecutive daylight at least once |
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Equinoxes |
2 days during the year where we get 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of sunlight everywhere on Earth yt |
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Solstices |
2 days of longest andshortest day and nights |
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Spring/Vernal Equinoxes |
Northern hemisphere |
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Fall Autumn Equinoxes |
Southern Hemisphere |
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Tropic of cancer and Capricorn |
23.5 degrees N or S sun is never directly ahead or poleward of this line |
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Short vs Long wave |
Sunlight enters atmoshphere as short wave IT gets absorbed and redirected as long wave which cant escape because of greenhouse effect |
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Latent heat exchange |
This is the transfer of energy fromlow to high altitudes Evaporation at the equator absorbs heat |
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Convection |
upward movement of gases as a result of heating below |
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The lapse rate |
Temperature decreases with elevation 3.5 degrees for each 1,000 feet |
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Winds blow from where to where |
From areas of high to low pressure From cold to hot because cold creates High pressure |
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Ocean currents are affected by |
wind patterns |
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cold currents just offshore are associated with? |
coastal deserts Atacama, Namib, Australian |
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water vapor |
Gaseous state of water, evaporation invisible |
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Precipitation |
liquid form can come from saturation |
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Condensation |
Change of a gas to a liquid |
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Relative Humidty |
Actual/Potential How much water vapor is in the air vs how much it can hold. at 100% saturation and condensation occur |
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Dew Point |
Temp at which droplets can condense and dew can form |
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Convectional precipitation |
Warm air rises it cools and spreads and forms cloud if air mass is correct it can rain |
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Orographic precipitation |
Air rises along the side of a mountain creating rain on one side and leaving dry rainshadow deserts on the other side |
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Frontal Cyclonic precipitation |
2 masses of different temperature air meet |
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Koppean System |
Most used climate system, based on distribution of plants |
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5 Climate types +1 |
A-E, and H |
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A |
Are warm all year round |
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B |
They are dry and have limited moisture |
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C |
Where we live, more seasonality, cool winters and warm summers |
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D |
Cold winters and mild Summers |
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E |
Climate is cold all year |
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H |
Highland and mountain areas |
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A (2 main types) |
1. Humid Tropical 2. Seasonably humid tropical |
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Humid tropical Near where? Type of climate |
A climate Near Equator Zero or minimal dry seasons |
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Seasonably Humid Tropical climates Near where? Type of climate |
Warm year round Savanna biome (wet and dry seasons) |
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B climates (2 types) |
Move outward from the equator due to rising and sinking air Dry climates Semi Arid climates |
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Dry climates Near where? Type of climate |
B types Desert climates warm and dry subtropics |
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Semi Arid climates |
B climate Between deserts or humid areas short grass dry year round |
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C Climate Near where? Type of climate Types (3)? |
Midlatitude climates 1. Humid Subtropical 2. Marine West coast 3. Mediterranean climates |
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Humid Subtropical |
C climate Warm moist summers 25-40 degrees on east side of continents |
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Marine West Coast latitude? where? |
Mild climates, clouds and drizzles (small) 35-65 degrees continental west coast |
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Mediterranean Climates |
Warm dry summers, precipitation in winter |
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D climates Types (2) |
Cold mid latitude climates 1. Humid continental climate 2. Subartic climates |
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Humid Continental climate Near where? Type of climate latitudes biomes |
Remote from oceans= little precipitation 35-60 degrees forest, needleaf |
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Subartic climates Near where? Type of climate country that is an example |
Northern edge of continents cold and dry Canada needleaf evergreen |
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E climates Near where? Types (2) |
High latitude climates very low temps 1. Tundra Climate 2. Ice cap climates |
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Tundra Climate Near where? Type of climate |
E climate very cold little precipiatation NO trees water mass not condusive for rain |
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Ice cap climate Near where? Type of climate Country that is example |
E climate no months with temp above freezing Greenland or Antarctica |
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H climate |
Highlands climate changes in climate over short distances due to changes in elevation |
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Climate change variablity millions |
1.8m-10,000 years ago when homo sapiens started appearing we started alternating between periods of cold and warm weather |
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Continental Glaciations |
Entire areas or continents covered by ice |
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Last Ice age when? |
9-18,000 years ago for the last 9000 years it has been around what it is today |
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Last Ice Age corresponds with what? (3) |
1. Northward spread human migration 2. Agriculture invented 3. Cities invented |
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1500-1750 and AD and vikings? |
As it got colder Vikings abandoned Greenland and North America |
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Causes of climate change (3) |
1. Astronomical factors 2. Geologic factors 3. Human FactorsA |
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Astronomical Factors Out of our control |
1. Earth's orbit 2. Earth's tilt 3. Sunspots- where the sun is pointing at on earth |
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Geologic factors (3) impacts, movement, eruptions |
Meteoric impacts continental drift Volcanic eruptions |
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Human factors |
Green house gases Deforestation |
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Evidence of global warming (3) |
Global avg temps are up Melting glaciers More CO2 in atmosphere |
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Consequences of global warming (4) |
Sea level rise Flooding Salt water poisoning fresh water warmer= mosquitoes= diseases soil terrain change to adapt to weather |
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Responses to stop Global warming |
1. Lower CO2 emissions 2. Carbon Tax 3. Solar and wind energy 4. Sequester greenhouse gases, find way to remove them from atmospere |