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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Migration |
Can be permanent or semi-permanent Physical movement of people from one place to another. Defined as a move for at least 1 year |
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Types of migrant |
Displaced persons -> These can be refugees or asylum seekers and either end in a temporary stay before repatriation or asylum granted and citizenship granted Voluntary migrants -> Either permanent or temporary movement for work/life reasons Illegal migrants -> Movement of individuals either singly or as part of criminal activity. If found forced deportation, displaced persons can end up as illegal migrants |
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Lee's model of migration Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles |
Push (want to leave) - conflict/war, famine, poverty, lack of housing, disease, lack of jobs, poor healthcare, political instabilities, persecution, lack of amenities Intervening obstacles - Law and restrictions, family, money, border controls, transport and communication, knowledge Pull (attractions) - Job opportunity, housing, health care systems, education choices, equitable climate, quality of life, family |
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Migration linked to globalisation |
Migration is related to levels of development and wealth Increasing knowledge about areas and faster and cheaper travel make it easier to migrate TNCs are required to move personnel between countries. Trade blocs, such as the EU, and other agreements allow easier movements between the countries Post colonial flows - migration from former colonies |
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Poland to the UK |
Total number increasing each year Used to be from India but now from Poland Joining the EU in 2004 has meant Poland finds it easier to move inhabitants High unemployment in small economies, looking for well paid british jobs 1985 Schengen agreement gives open borders |
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Facts about the migration - Poland |
Characteristics of migrants - mostly 18/34 (80%), semi skilled education but great work ethic, working in menial jobs that are unfavourable to british workers Characteristics of flows - high work applications in 2007, most go to Scotland and rural areas (East Anglia) |
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Push and pull factors of migration - Poland |
Push - average poland wages only £200 a month, unemployment in polish cities is 20% average, child benefit is only £160 a year Pull - Uk wage averages £800 a month, new lifestyle and better standard of living, more tolerant society, enticed by polish recruitment agencies, child benefit in UK is £941 a year |
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Benefits and costs for the source country - Poland |
Benefits - remittances sent back from workers, contribute to large proportions of GDP, unemployment rates fall as people leave the country in search of work Costs - 10% of jobs in construction could not be filled in 2005, number of health jobs are low (1/4 health workers have emigrated), increase in 25% in houses being empty in Poland, brain drain - loss of skilled migrants to other countries |
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Benefits and costs for the host country - Poland |
Benefits - cultural enrichment as religious people come from Poland, very few migrants claim state benefits, help cope with labour shortages, fuels economic growth and a younger workforce Costs - Claim benefits to be sent back to their children in Poland (27,000 applicants), can see an increase in racism, £800000 spent in translation |
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Migration from UK to Spain - Characteristics |
Of migrants - 60% over 45, leaving with a higher than average disposable income Of flows - Spain receive 80% of british retirees , South East Spain most popular, live in communities purpose built for brits. La Marina - 50% British |
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Push and Pull factors |
Push - High UK cost of living, high property prices, worse weather in UK, overcrowding of areas Pull - 10c warmer climate, easier going lifestyle in Spain, free Spanish healthcare, good leisure facilities |
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Costs and benefits for source country |
Benefits - Emigration balances increased immigration reducing net migration, fewer older people to take care of so less dependency on NHS, relieves pressure on over-population and need for houses Costs - family break up as grandparents split from younger generations, loss of a highly experienced age group, loss of potential childminders |
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Costs and benefits for host country |
Benefits - Job creation in construction, retail and food, creates a multiplier effect, grey pound is spent so increases economy, increased spending in economy Costs - Resentment towards brits who attempt to take control of areas, strain on physical infrastructure, have to cover healthcare costs, little social interaction due to lack of language, house prices become to expensive for locals |
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Controlling migration |
Number of people seeking asylum in the UK rose from the late 90s, tighter government policy means this number has fallen Immigration from 8 new EU countries is estimated at 1 million It is likely migration will slow as Eastern economies develop and begin to see other countries as destinations other than the UK In the UK migration policy has tightened due to public concerns towards Canadian point systems |
