Geography General Curriculum Mtel

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longitude

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run from north to south, meeting at the north and south poles.

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latitude

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from east to west (like rungs of ladder).

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international dateline

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is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth that runs from the north to the south pole and demarcates one calendar day from the next. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° longitude but it deviates to pass around some territories and island groups.

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tropic of cancer

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also referred to as the northern tropic, is the most northerly circle of latitude on the Earth at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its culmination. This event occurs once per year, at the time of the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.

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tropic of capricorn

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(or Southern tropic) is the circle of latitude that contains the subsolar point on the December (or southern) solstice. It is thus the southernmost latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead.

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arctic circle

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The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. In 2012, it is the parallel of latitude that runs 66° 33′ 44″ (or 66.5622°) [1] north of the Equator.

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prime meridian

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A prime meridian is a meridian, i.e., a line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0°. A prime meridian and its opposite in a 360°-system, the 180th meridian (at 180° longitude), form a great circle.

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physical geography

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includes knowledge of place (capitals and countries), physical features (mountains and rivers), and climate (global warming and rainfall).

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social geography

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involves considering how humans interact with their environment; how people have migrated over time ; and how political, social, and religious systems have coalesced into regional divisions.

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name the seven continents

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south america, north america, africa, australia, antartica, europe and asia.

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equator

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is the intersection of a sphere's surface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere's axis of rotation and midway between the poles. usually refers to the Earth's equator: an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Other planets and astronomical bodies have equators similarly defined. Earth's equator is about 40,075 kilometres (24,901 mi) long; 78.7% is across water and 21.3% is over land.

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hemisphere

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As half of the Earth:

* Any half of the (Earth-centered), celestial sphere
* cultural hemisphere

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mesas

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is the American English term for tableland, an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. It takes its name from its characteristic table-top shape. It may also be called a table hill or table mountain.

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plateau

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In geology and earth science, (/p also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain.

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valleys

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In geology, or dale is a depression that is longer than it is wide. The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, (at least) with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.

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foothills

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are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range. In terms of elevation it is opposite to a peak (summit). They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills to the adjacent topographically high mountains. They constitute one of the four kinds of hills, the others being sand dunes, maturely dissected plains and low plateaus

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hills

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is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit (e.g. Box Hill, Surrey). Various terms for the slope or incline of a hill include the Scots language term brae.

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mountain

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is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. Generally steeper than a hill. through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth, erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers.

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types of mountains

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fold mountains, block mountains, and volcanic mountains

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fold mountains

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occur when two plates collide: shortening occurs along thrust faults and the crust is overthickened.[17] Since the less dense continental crust "floats" on the denser mantle rocks beneath, the weight of any crustal material forced upward to form hills, plateaus or mountains must be balanced by the buoyancy force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle.

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example of fold mountains

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jura mountains

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volcanoes

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are formed when a plate is pushed below another plate, or at a mid-ocean ridge or hotspot.[15] At a depth of around 100 km, melting occurs in rock above the slab (due to the addition of water), and forms magma that reaches the surface. When the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a volcanic mountain, such as a shield volcano or a stratovolcano.

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example of volcanoes

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Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

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location

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one of the five geographic themes; a specific position or point in physical space

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the five themes of geography

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location, place, movement, regions, and human-envionment interaction.

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movement

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movement addresses movement and migration across the plant.

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block mountains

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are caused by faults in the crust: a seam where rocks can move past each other. When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain.[19] The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems.

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examples of block mountains

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This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley

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plain

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is a flat region, occur as lowlands and at the bottoms of valleys but also on plateaus or uplands at high elevations. In a valley, this is enclosed on two sides but in other cases may be delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills, by mountains or cliffs. Where a geological region contains more than one plain, they may be connected by a pass (sometime termed a gap). may have been formed from flowing lava, deposited by water, ice cold wind, or formed by erosion by these agents from hills and mountains.

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structural plains

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relatively undisturbed horizontal surfaces of the earth. They are structurally depressed areas of the world that make up some of the most extensive natural lowlands on the earth's surface.

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erosional plains

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that have been leveled by various agents of denudation such as running water, rivers, wind and glacier which wear out the rugged surface and smoothens them. Plain resulting from the action of these agents of denudation are called PENEPLAINS (almost plain) while plains formed from wind action are called PEDIPLAINS.

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pediplan

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an extensive slightly inclined denudation plain

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depositional plains

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formed by the deposition of materials brought by various agents of transportation such as rivers, wind, waves, and glaciers. Their fertility and economic relevance depend greatly on the types of sediments that are laid down.

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glacial plains

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formed by the movement of glaciers under the force of gravity

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examples of glacial plains

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sandur, till plain, and abyssal plain

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alluvial plains

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formed by rivers, and may be one of these overlapping types

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examples of alluvial plains

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flood plain, scroll plain, lava plaina, lacustrine plain.

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lacustrine plain

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that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake

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lava plain

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formed by sheets of flowing lava

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scroll plain

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through which a river meanders with a very low gradient

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flood plain

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adjacent to a stream, river, lake or wetland that experiences occasional or periodic flooding

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sander

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a glacial out-wash plain formed of sediments deposited by melt-water at the terminus of a glacier. Consist mainly of stratified (layered and sorted) gravel and sand

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till plain

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a plain that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carries. They are composed of unsorted material (till) of all sizes

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abyssal plain

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a flat or very gently sloping area of the deep ocean basin

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planitia

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the Latin word for plain

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place

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The physical and human description of a location.

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physical characteristics of place

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mountains, rivers, lakes, beaches, flora, and fauna.

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human characteristics of a place

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type of architecture, cutlural features, relgion, types of work.

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region

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divide the world into categories for study.

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formal regions

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have official and public boundaries like cities, states, and countries.

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functional regions

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are defined by purpose and connections and example political district.

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vernacular region

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regions of the country like "the south" or "the midwest" or the northeast", particular perceptions and ideas.

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desert

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is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called "cold deserts". These can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.

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5 largest deserts

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antarctic, arctic, saharah, arabian, gobi

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flora

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is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life

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fauna

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is all of the animal life of any particular region or time.

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deltas

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is a landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Form from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth. Over long periods, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta.

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wave dominated deltas

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wave erosion controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coast line.[3]

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tide dominated deltas

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This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure.[4] Tidal deltas behave differently from river- and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave- or river- distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere. In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there's a lot of water around – such as floods or storm surges. These distributaries slowly silt up at a pretty constant rate until they fizzle out.[4]

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gilbert deltas

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is a specific type of delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently-sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta

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estuary

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Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant tidal range, do not form a delta but enter into the sea. Notable examples include the Saint Lawrence River and the Tagus estuary

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inland deltas

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In rare cases the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an inverted river delta. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an inland delta, and often occurs on former lake beds. The Inner Niger Delta and Peace–Athabasca Delta are notable examples. The Amazon has also an inland delta before the island of Marajó.

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tundra

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is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra comes through Russian тундра from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr "uplands", "treeless mountain tract". The vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundras. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline.

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three types of tundra

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arctic tundra,[2] alpine tundra,[2] and Antarctic tundra.[

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artic tundra

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Occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere, north of the taiga belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost, or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general, so that northern Sápmi would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.[2] The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the Nganasan and Nenets in the permafrost area (and the Sami in Sápmi).

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antarctic tundra

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occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the Kerguelen Islands. Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice fields. However, some portions of the continent, particularly the Antarctic Peninsula, have areas of rocky soil that support plant life

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alpine tundra

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does not contain trees because the climate and soils at high altitude block tree growth. This is distinguished from arctic tundra in that alpine tundra typically does not have permafrost, and alpine soils are generally better drained than arctic soils. Transitions to subalpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as Krummholz.

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topographic maps

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is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, using contour lines but, historically, using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a combination of two line segments that connect but do not intersect; these represent elevation.

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thematic map

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A type of map or chart especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent".[1]

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base map

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includes two map layers, a base layer and reference layer,

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fifty states in U.S.

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virginia, west virginia, wisconsion, wyoming, mass, rhode Island, Marland, North Carolina, Sout Caroline, Maine, Georgia, Texas, California, Missouri, Florida, Conneticut, Utah, Nevada, Hawaii, alaska, louisiana, Alabama, Arkinsaw, arizona, colorado, delaware, idaho, illinois, indiana, Iowa, kansas, kentucky, michigan, minnesota, montana, nebraska, nevada, new hampsure, new jersey, new york, new mexico, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, oregon, pennsylania, south dakota, tenesse, utah, vermont,