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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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creole or creolized langauge |
a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
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denglish |
combination of german an english |
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dialect |
a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
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extinct language |
a language that was once used by people in daily activities is no longer used |
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franglais |
a term used by the french for english words that have entered the french language; a combination of francais and anglais the french word for "french" and "english," respectively |
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isogloss |
geographical boundary of a language family |
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isolated language |
a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore no attached to any language family |
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language |
a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
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language branch |
a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family |
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language family |
a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
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language group |
a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary |
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lingua franca |
a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
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literary tradition |
a language that is written as well as spoken |
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native speakers |
people for whom a particular language is their first language |
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official language |
the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
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pidgin language |
a language that mixes a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca with another language |
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spanglish |
combination of spanish and english, spoken by hispanic americans |
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adolescent fertility rate |
the number of births per 1,000 women age 15-19 |
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developed country |
(more developed country or MDC) a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development |
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developing country |
(less developed country or LDC) a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development |
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development |
a process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
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fair trade |
alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards |
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foreign direct investment |
investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
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gender inequality index (GII) |
indicator constructed by the united nations to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality |
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gross domestic product (GPD) |
the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country |
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gross national income (GNI) |
the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country |
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human development index (HDI) |
indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
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inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |
indicator of level of development for each country that modifies the HDI to account for inequality |
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literacy rate |
the percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
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maternal mortality ratio |
number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 birth |
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primary sector |
the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing and forestry |
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productivity |
the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
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secondary sector |
the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials |
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structural adjustment program |
economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services |
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tertiary sector |
the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment |
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value added |
the gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy |
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agribusiness |
commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations |
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agriculture |
the deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
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aquaculture |
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
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cereal grain |
a grass yielding grain for food |
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commercial agriculutre |
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
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crop |
grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season |
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crop rotation |
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
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dietary energy consumption |
the amount of food that an individual consumes |
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food security |
physical, social and economic access to all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life |
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grain |
seed or cereal grass |
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green revolution |
rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertillizers |
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intensive subsistence agriculture |
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
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milkshed |
the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling |
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overfishing |
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce |
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pastoral nomadism |
a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
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plantation |
a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specialized in the producation of one or two crop for sale, usually to a more developed country |
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ranching |
a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area |
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ridge tillage |
system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation |
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shifting cultivation |
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another, each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
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slash-and-burn agriculture |
another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning debris |
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subsistence agriculture |
agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and farmer's family |
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swidden |
a patch of land cleared for plating through slashing and burning |
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truck farming |
commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a middle english word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
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undernourishment |
dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity |
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wet rice |
rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth |
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bread-of-bulk point |
a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
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bulk-gaining industry |
an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs |
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cottage industry |
manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution |
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industrial revolution |
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
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just-in-time delivery |
shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed |
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labor-intensive industry |
an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
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right-to-work state |
a US state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment |
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site factors |
location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
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situation factors |
location factors related to the transportation of material into and from a factory |
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basic industries |
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
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business services |
services that primarily meets the needs of other businesses including professional, financial, and transportation services |
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central places |
a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
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central place theory |
a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serves as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther |
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clustered rural settlement |
an agricultural based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings |
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consumer services |
businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health and leisure services |
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dispersed rural settlement |
a rural settlement patter in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors |
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economic base |
a community's collection of basic industries |
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gravity model |
a model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
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market area (or hinterland) |
the area surrounding a central places, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services |
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nonbasic industries |
industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
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primate city |
the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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primate city rule |
a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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public services |
services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and business |
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range (of services) |
the max distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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rank-size rule |
a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
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service |
any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it |
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threshold |
the min number of people needed to support the service |
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how are languages classified |
-into families, branches and groups |
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how are languages distributed |
-originated before recorded history, and they have diffused through migration -many languages have become extinct and others are being rescued from extinction by government action |
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how do languages share space |
-through english dominates north america, french and spanish have become more widely used |
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how does development vary among regions? |
-United Nations has created the human development index to measure the level of development of every country -gross national income measures the standard of living in a country -developed countries display higher levels of education and literacy -people in developed countries have a longer life expectancy -gender inequality index compare the level of development of women and men in every country |
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how many countries promote development |
-the two principal paths to development are self-sufficiency and international trade -self-sufficiency was the most commonly used path in the past, but most countries now follow international trade -developing countries finance trade through loans, but may required to undertake economic reforms |
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what are future challenges for development? |
-fair trade is an alternative approach to development through trade that provides greater benefits to the producers in developing countries |
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what do people eat? |
-agriculture originated in multiple hearth and diffused to numerous places simultaneously -what people eat is influenced by a combination of level of development, cultural preferences, and environmental constraints -one in eight humans is undernourished |
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how is agriculture distributed? |
-several agricultural regions can be identified based on farming practices -subsistence agriculture, typical of developing regions, involves growing food for one's own consumption -commerical agriculture involves larger farms, fewer farmers, and more mechanization than does subsistence agriculture |
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what challenges does agriculture face |
-subsistence agriculture faces distinctive economic challenges resulting from rapid population growth and pressure to adopt international trade strategies to promote development -commercial agriculture faces distinct challenges resulting from access to markets and over production -sustainable farming plays an increasing role in the preservation and enhancement of environmental quality |
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where is industry clustered |
-the industrial revolution originated in the united kingdom and diffused to europe and north american in the twentieth century -world industry is highly clustered in three regions-europe, north america and east asia |
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what situation factors influence industrial location |
-a company tries to identify the optimal location for a factory through analyzing situation and site factors -situation factors involve the cost of transporting both inputs into the factory and products from the factory to consumers -steel and motor vehicle industries have traditionally located factories primarily because of situation factors |
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what site factors influence industrial location |
-three site factors- land, labor and capital- control the cost of doing business at a location -production of textiles and apparel has traditionally been located primarily because of site factors -new industrial regions are emerging because of their increased importance for site and situation factors |
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where are consumer services distributed? |
-three types are services are consumer, business and public -in developed countries, the distribution of consumer services follow a regular pattern, explained through central place theory -services have market areas, ranges and thresholds that can be measured -geographers apply central place theory to identify profitable locations for services |
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where are business services distributed? |
-business services are disproportionately clustered in world cities -distinctive business services in developing countries include offshore financial services and back offices -talented people are attracted to world cities by cultural diversity |
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where are settlements distributed |
-outside north america, most rural settlements are clustered -the first settlements predate recorded history -developed countries have higher percentages of urban dwellers, whereas developing countries have most of the world's largest cities |
