Geography Final

Front 1

Africa

Back 1

-has moved very little since the break up of pangea.
-was a part of the southern most of two supercontinents that later became a part of pangea the supercontinent.
-75% plateau surface in Africa
-cliff drops straight off into the ocean which make transportation difficult.

Front 2

Atlas mountains

Back 2

-not high in elevation
-desert climate
-important tourist location
-morocco is a big tourist location

Front 3

Drakensberg mountains

Back 3

-not high in elevation
-more moisture than Atlas mountains though.
-alot more wildlife.

Front 4

Guinea Highlands

Back 4

-bauxite-the oar from which we get aluminum
-#2 exporter of Bauxite, Austrailia is #1
-when you see the word guinea you're putting yourself in west africa.

Front 5

Adamawa Highlands

Back 5

-Volcanic area
-1500 significant during iron age
-the origin of the great Bantu migrations
-East and south africa are dominated by the bantu language bc of the migrations.

Front 6

Ethiopian Highlands

Back 6

-volcanism caused them to form
-coffee is believed to have originated here
-Coffee is the most drank beverage around the world other than water.

Front 7

Mount Kilimanjaro

Back 7

-located in tanzania
-mountain is not associated with a range.
-has a "permanent" snow cap, that is projected to be gone by 2025.
-19,340 ft.
-easiest to scale

Front 8

Snows of Kil

Back 8

-book written about permanent snow cap, but it is said to be gone by 2025 bc of global warming

Front 9

The great rift valley

Back 9

-valley formed due to africa moving away from Europe.
-tectonic movement (earthquakes)

Front 10

Lake Victoria

Back 10

-largest lake in Africa in terms of surface area.
-not apart of the rift valley lakes.
-not formed by the tectonic process, formed by drainage patterns.

Front 11

The rift valley lakes of east africa

How were they formed?

Back 11

-Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana)
-Lake Albert
-Lake edward
-Lake kivu
-Lake tanganyika (largest)
-Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)-2nd biggest

-formed as a result of the plate tectonics.

Front 12

2nd deepest lake in the entire world?

Back 12

-lake tanganyika
-over one mile deep

Front 13

Graben

Back 13

-A downward faulted block of the earths crust.
-lakes located in graben's tend to be really deep, so it gives them a huge volume of water.
-Lake Kiva is an example

Front 14

Nile river

Back 14

-Worlds longest river; barely longer than the amazon.
-white and blue nile merge into the Khartoum.
-life blood of egypt
-high salt content north of the river because of the mediterranean.
-Large deposits of oil and natural gas at the rivers actual delta (where it empties)
-classified as an exotic stream.

Front 15

Exotic stream

Back 15

-does something strange/different from other streams.
-flows from a humid area to a dry area.

Front 16

Nile river (parasites)

Back 16

-rice is grown in stagnant water (standing water); this attracts parasites (mosquitoes, snails)

Front 17

Schistosomiasis

Back 17

-condition caused by flatworms that come from snails.
-symptoms are: no energy and it leads to organ failure or death

Front 18

Niger River

Back 18

-river runs dry in the Sahel region, it dries up and forms an inland delta, but it isn't such a bad thing. minerals, nutrients, and resources spread due to this

Front 19

Congo river

Back 19

-Carries 2nd largest volume of water for a river in the world. 1st is the Amazon. Reason for this is tropical rainfall.
-gives them huge hydroelectic potential.

Front 20

Matadi

Back 20

-port city for the congo

Front 21

Kinshasa

Back 21

-capital 100 miles from port (matadi)
-impossible to navigate due to rapids and waterfalls (congo river)

Front 22

Aswan High Dam

Back 22

-began construction in 1950's
-created to control the flow of the river during the dry seasons
-Problems
-over fertilization, bad
-mediterranean creeping into stream, causing salinization of soils.
-snails containing bacteria.

Front 23

Zambezi river

Back 23

-some hydroelectricity (kariba dam)
-creates victoria falls

Front 24

Victoria falls

Back 24

-waterfall over a mile wide.
-natives call it "the smoke that thunders".
-7 wonders of the world

Front 25

oral tradition

Back 25

-tradition carried on by mouth. (word of mouth)
-no record of tradition

Front 26

written traditions

Back 26

-first written by the arabs and berbers

Front 27

who dominates northern africa?

Back 27

-arabs and berbers

Front 28

10 degrees north latitude

Back 28

-south of it is mainly african americans, above it is arabs and berbers.

Front 29

Arab and berber trade

Back 29

-main thing traded was salt, which is found in the desert.
-traded with ancient Ghana for gold; most of Europe's gold originated from this trade; also traded ivory, ebony, and slaves
-this was the very first route in slave trade

Front 30

camel caravans

Back 30

-the bands of traders traveling from place to place.

Front 31

Slave trade

Back 31

-Portugese were the ones who mainly started the slave trade in Europe.
-East africans slave route was the last to get shut down.
-Trans atlantic route is the route that thrived the most and caused the most damage.

Front 32

Damage done in the slave trade

Back 32

-the low estimate is 15 million and the high is 60 million.
-most estimates came between 30 million

Front 33

"the scramble"

Back 33

-the free for all race for territory in africa.

Front 34

the berlin conference

Back 34

-the making of the boundaries in Africa for the European countries to own.
-germans hosted the berlin conference.

Front 35

Otto Von Bismarck

Back 35

-chancellor of germany
-came up with the berlin conference idea.

Front 36

British
(berlin conference)

Back 36

-accumulated NE africa, South africa, and a few in west africa.

Front 37

Indirect rule

Back 37

-left the day to day issues to the people, but would take the resources from those areas.
-ruled from afar

Front 38

Direct rule

Back 38

-british (colonists usually) took direct control over everything

Front 39

protectorate

Back 39

-they would protect their areas from any outside force

Front 40

French
(berlin conference)

Back 40

-accumulated west africa and madagascar.
-had no colonies passed the congo river.
-roman catholicism dominated religion.
-invested in infrastructure, but it was not a priority.
-algeria was their favorite colony because it was the most french like

Front 41

Mission civilisatrise
(civilizing mission)

Back 41

-french
-The process of transforming the african cultures.
-teaching them their religion, language, and political views.

Front 42

Assimiladao

Back 42

-(assimilation) the transformation of the people in their colonies to portuguese.

Front 43

Belgians
(berlin conference)

Back 43

-only had one colony; Congo

Front 44

paternalism

Back 44

-viewed the colonists as children who needed to be raised, taught them how to farm for profit, no one living on ground had a say in how it was run.

Front 45

Belgian congo

Back 45

-started out as a private colony.
-out of all the country, the congo was the most severe.
-wide spread report of slavery and those that resisted were killed or they would just chop off an arm of the slaves.

Front 46

King Leopold II

Back 46

-paid privately for the congo
-due to Leopold's brutality the congo was taken from him

Front 47

Germans
(berlin conference)

Back 47

-hosted berlin conference
-Lost all colonies as a result of WW I

Front 48

League of nations mandates

Back 48

-what the colonies were called when they were given to other powers.

Front 49

League of nations mandates changes

Back 49

-togo;kamerun (Cameroon)
-German East Africa (Tanzania)-brits
-Ruanda-Urundi (Rwanda Burundi)
-German SW Africa (Namibia) Union of South Africa

Front 50

Superimposed boundaries

Back 50

-boundaries were drawn without taking language, culture, or relationships into consideration.

Front 51

Organization of African Unity
(OAU)

Back 51

-today is know as the African Union (AU)
-states "the boundaries made at the time of independence cannot change"

Front 52

balkanization

Back 52

-when countries break up (shatter)
-wanted to avoid this; and they wanted to avoid disputes.

Front 53

Lack of industrial development

Back 53

-exploitation of resources-raw materials were taken to colonial countries
-didnt want to create competition with themselves

Front 54

Economic dependence

Back 54

-dependent on mother country-serves the interest of the mother country

Front 55

balance of trade

Back 55

-

Front 56

significance of 1960

Back 56

-more african countries got their independence than any other year this year.

Front 57

Preparation for political independence

Back 57

-Came quickly (only going 10-20 yrs before WWII ended) turned the african nations loose.
-unprepared economic stability
-leaders were thrown into positions (ill prepared to run a european style govt.)

Front 58

Current issues in Africa

Back 58

-desertification
-famine
-rural to urban migration
-tropical deforestation
-species endangerment
-extinction

Front 59

desertification

Back 59

-the sahara is growing southward

Front 60

rural to urban migration

Back 60

-movement for greater opportunities
-one of the highest rates in the world

Front 61

HIV/AIDS

Back 61

-biggest problem 35-40 million people in Africa had HIV
-East Africa (Uganda) hardest hit in late 1980's 25-40% infected.
-Today south africa is hardest hit 25-40% infected.
-Dropped life expectancy into the low 30's.
-"Brain drain" is caused by this.
-No cure; only treatment is to prolong aids.
-said to be spread by heterosexual contact.
-condoms are a large success in controlling the infection rate.

Front 62

Anti-retroviral drug "cocktails"

Back 62

-a multitude of different meds attacking the virus at different aspects.
-drug expense is $1000 a month

Front 63

Life expectancy
(Botswana & Swaziland)

Back 63

(botswana)
-25-35% of the population is infected;
-life expectancy 1994=60 yrs; 1999=39 yrs; has improved since
(Swaziland)
-Expected to live to 33

Front 64

Morocco

Back 64

-1st non-european country to recognize u.s. independence.
-Spanish left in 1976...aka spanish sahara morocco went into full annexation mode.
-morocco claims it was theirs before the spanish took over.
-only country not involved with OAU & AU bc of sahara dispute.

Front 65

Western Sahara

Back 65

-Spanish colony until 1976; Invaded by Morocco and Mauritania after the spanish left the state.
-Major resource is Phosphates.
-gives control of the world wide phosphate market (fertilizers and explosives.

Front 66

Polisario

Back 66

-Western Sahara independent group.
-Independence movement; Claimed by Moroccans that this area was stolen by the spanish.

Front 67

Algeria

Back 67

-Largest country in terms of land territory (recent change), 1/4 the size of the u.s.
-large oil and natural gas reserves.

Front 68

French assimilation

Back 68

-Wanted to turn algeria into a part of france-due to proximity to france.

Front 69

Expatriate population

Back 69

-a large number of french ppl to move to africa-the largest in the country of africa-pressed french govt to keep as a colony.
(algeria)

Front 70

Algerian civil war (1954-1962)

Back 70

-france never intended for Algeria to gain independence;
-better know as 'Algerian independence war'
-War lasted for 8 years
-over a million died

Front 71

Charles de Gaulle

Back 71

-Was the french president
-gave independence to the french african colonies

Front 72

Islamic fundamentalism

Back 72

-were never targeted in the war (muslim dominant religion), won the election by a land slide.
-91-92 another civil war breaks out.

Front 73

tunisia

Back 73

-tourism is popular here because of its beautiful beaches and ancient carthage
-desert scenes from star wars were filmed here.
-citrus fruits are native to this area

Front 74

ancient carthage

Back 74

-Early rival to rome in terms of dominance.

Front 75

Libya

Back 75

-Oil reserves changed the economy over night.
-went from poorest country to middle class economy.
-Khadafy supported all kinds of terrorism groups by giving them money or weapons.

Front 76

rogue state

Back 76

-a state that has no stability or international support.

Front 77

Pan Am 103 bombing

Back 77

-blew up over scotland, carried out by Khadafy's secret service.

Front 78

Muammar Khadafy

Back 78

-aka "dr. jekyll and mr. hyde of middle east"
-came into power by overthrowing king
-installed himself as pres. 1969; dictator for about 42 yrs
-intentionally kept his military weak so they could not overthrow him.
-eventually overthrown by a rebel group supported by NATO; was captured and killed.

Front 79

Egypt

Back 79

-largest in terms of population (estimated 80 million liver here)
-96% of ppl living under 4% of land (along the Nile)
-egyptian cotton is extremely high quality due to length of fiber
-cairo is capital city and headquarters to the arab league

Front 80

Arab League

Back 80

-A loose international organization that included Arab nations in northern africa and sw asia
-located in cairo

Front 81

Camp david accords

Back 81

-1st country to make peace with Israel and allies with the US
-kicked out of the arab league because of this

Front 82

Anwar Sadat

Back 82

-leader of egypt when camp david accords were signed.
-was assasinated

Front 83

Hosni Mubarak

Back 83

-seceeded Sadat and was ran out of office recently because rebels wanted a democracy, although military has taken over

Front 84

the sudan

Back 84

-WAS africas largest state in terms of territory
-muslim majority; ruling majority in the north
-minority of black christians in the south (this started a civil war)
-Khartoum

Front 85

sudan civil war

Back 85

-4 decades long;
-straddled a major cultural transition zone
-a multinational state
-sudan is committing acts of genocide to the Darfur population because they wanted to separate from the sudan.
-killing mass amounts of ppl because of cultural differences

Front 86

Darfur

Back 86

-genocide is going on to rid the darfurs
-caused a shatter belt bc they fled to chad and republic of africa and destabilized those countries.

Front 87

the sahel

Back 87

-islam religion dominated region
-desertification (sahara moving south due to human and temperature changes
-ethiopia is the only exception to islam religion here (christian)
-nomadic herding helped with desertification

Front 88

10 degrees north latitude (sahel)

Back 88

-mostly muslim above and and christian below this line.

Front 89

Mauritania

Back 89

-western sahara
-resource poor
-iron ore deposits (not very good quality)
-fishing ground under developed

Front 90

Mali

Back 90

-gained independence from france
-changed their name back after independence
-timbuktu

Front 91

Cross-Saharan trade

Back 91

-route that goes through Timbuktu
-faded when europeans made contact with west african ppl

Front 92

Burkina Faso

Back 92

-Was a french colony in west africa
-major transportation system, similar to the colonial system

Front 93

Ouagadougou

Back 93

-The capital city of Burkina Faso, that connected all railways

Front 94

Niger

Back 94

-significant uranium deposits
-75% of electricity is nuclear power

Front 95

Chad

Back 95

-destabilized economy due to refugees from Darfur (1million)
-shatter belt

Front 96

Ethiopia

Back 96

-christian dominated
-remained independent during the colonial period
-landlocked state (surrounded by other states)
-Eritrea tried to group together with ethiopia (unsuccessful)
-had bitter disagreements about an agreement to have access to the red sea.
-civil war erupted after they Eritrea tried to break away
-italians (mussolini) invaded in 1936 but they were unsuccessful

Front 97

1998 kenya and tanzania U.S. embassy bombings

Back 97

-terrorist attacks
-now the u.s. monitors the war on terrorists from the arabian peninsula

Front 98

Somalia

Back 98

-failed state
-warlords are controlling the region
-piracy is occuring in the indian ocean.
-Mogadishu is the capital city

Front 99

somaliland

Back 99

-north somalia-acts and funtions as an independent state
-south somalia-unstable arrest with warlords and policies

Front 100

Senegal

Back 100

-held the capital for a while
-dakar is political capital

Front 101

the Gambia

Back 101

-state is a product of the british empire
-was created to control the gambia river
-created a river zone in the area

Front 102

senegambia

Back 102

-the combination of gambia and senegal but only lasted about a year

Front 103

Guinea-Bissau

Back 103

-matriarchal society
-controlled by portuguese

Front 104

matriarchal society

Back 104

-women hold the power
-Bolama archipelago is a chain of islands where this still exists.

Front 105

guinea

Back 105

-significant amount of bauxite reserves (always ranked towards the top, normally 2nd)
-heavily marxist country

Front 106

Ahmed Sekou-Toure

Back 106

-wanted to lead state into the route of independence
(guinea)

Front 107

Sierra Leone

Back 107

-founded by freed british slaves
-indigenous tribes

Front 108

Liberia

Back 108

-founded by freed american slaves
-indigenous tribes
-civil war started bc of diamonds
-children recruited to kill in civil war
-elected africas first woman president
-capital was named after james monroe

Front 109

blood diamonds

Back 109

-fighting for diamonds and selling them to international diamond companies. Used money to buy weapons.
-eventually outlawed to purchase blood diamonds
(liberia)

Front 110

cote d'Ivoire

Back 110

-(ivory coast)
-major producer of Cacao (coco)

Front 111

Abidjan

Back 111

-known as the "paris of africa"-one point was the capital

Front 112

Felix Houphouet-Boigny

Back 112

-independence leader of cote d'ivoire
-ruled for 30 years; dictator
-yamoussoukro was picked as the new capital (his hometown)
-turned into a civil war

Front 113

Ghana

Back 113

-first subsaharan african country to get its independence w/ a black leader

Front 114

Kwame Nkrumah

Back 114

-pushed for african independence and getting rid of the european shackles.

Front 115

Jerry rawlings

Back 115

-transitioned smoothly into a democratic society
-became dictator

Front 116

Nigeria

Back 116

-largest country in africa in terms of population
-sw dominated by yourba
-se dominated by igbo
-n dominated by hausa/fulani

Front 117

Biafra conflict

Back 117

-Ibos's tried to breakaway and declare themsleves the republic of biafra
-many ibos died