Geography Chapters 1-5

Front 1

Geography

Back 1

Understanding and recognizing the interdependence among regions without losing sight of the uniqeness of each place.

Front 2

Place

Back 2

a place adds specific physical characteristics to a location. each place has specific distinguishing characteristics both physical and cultural that makes it distinct and unique.

Front 3

Region

Back 3

territories that encompass many places, most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere.

Front 4

Identity

Back 4

The sense that youmake of yourself through your subjective feelings, based on your everyday experiences and social relations.

Front 5

physical geography

Back 5

deals with earths natural processes and its outcome. ex; climate,weathjer patterns,lanforms,soil formation and plant and animal ecology.

Front 6

Human geography

Back 6

studies the spatia organization of the human activities and the relationships between people and the environment.ex; population, aggriculture,human disease, resource managment, enviornmental pollution.

Front 7

Regional geography

Back 7

combines both elements of physical and human geography. studies the combination of environmental and human facotrs, which produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes.

Front 8

remote sensing

Back 8

the collection of information about parts of the earths surface by means of aerial photography or satelite imagery designed to record data on visible infared sensor systems.

Front 9

topographic maps

Back 9

represent the earths surface in both horizontal and verticle dimmensions. using contourlines, connections points of equal verticle distance above or below a zero data point, which is usually sea level.

Front 10

thematic maps

Back 10

used to represent the spatial dimmensions of particular conditions or events.

Front 11

landscapes

Back 11

spaces small and large that include physical and cultural components.

Front 12

Natural landscapes

Back 12

include physical elements like rivers, mountains ect...

Front 13

cultural landscapes

Back 13

the built environment; cities, buildings, roads and cementaries.

Front 14

5 themes of geogrpahy

Back 14

-location
-place
-movement
-region
-human/environment interaction

Front 15

location

Back 15

can be absolute, based on degrees longitude and latitude, or relative.

Front 16

direction

Back 16

can be absolute, based on cardinal direction.

Front 17

movement

Back 17

the changing from one location to another.

Front 18

Migration

Back 18

the movement from one location to another.

Front 19

diffusion

Back 19

a "spreading out" ex;a cold, information on the internet. diffusion can be contagious.

Front 20

human environment interaction

Back 20

how humans affect the world around them, how the environment affects humans.

Front 21

regions

Back 21

a specific area that share common traits. these can be physical or cultural.

Front 22

formal regions

Back 22

dtermined by the government with specific state boundaries.

Front 23

functional regions

Back 23

based on gerneralitites, practical characteristic and language.

Front 24

perceptual regions

Back 24

based on our perceptions,which may be different perspectives from different places.

Front 25

mini system

Back 25

a society with a reciprocal social economy.

Front 26

the agricultural breakthrough

Back 26

took place in specific gepgraphic settings where new pracitces have developed and spread. main eharth areas situated in 4 regions;middle east, south asia, china and americas.

Front 27

mini system development

Back 27

began in the proto neolithic era between 9000 and 7000 bc. it was based on a sense of technological preconditions, the use of fire, grindstones and improvement of tools.

Front 28

hearth areas

Back 28

a geographic setting where new pracices have developed and spread, main hearth areas situated ib

Front 29

world empire

Back 29

a group of mini systems that have been brought into a political system; based on capitalist economies.

Front 30

colonization

Back 30

physical settlement to a new territory of people.

Front 31

urbanization

Back 31

cities and towns become essential as centers of administration for early world empires.

Front 32

towns

Back 32

useful for military marks and ruling class.

Front 33

capitalism

Back 33

a form of economic and social organization distinguished by profit motive, and the control of production,distribution and exchange by private owners.

Front 34

hinterland

Back 34

the economic influence on a town. the area where it collects exports and distributes imports.

Front 35

plantation

Back 35

land that is used to grow a specific crop for market.

Front 36

import substitution

Back 36

copying and manufacturing goods only available by trading.

Front 37

imperialism

Back 37

the exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests.

Front 38

core regions

Back 38

the dominate trader. has control and mast advance technologies, with high levels of productivity and diversified economies; urban areas.

Front 39

peripheral regions

Back 39

characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships. economies with low levels of productivity; dependent on the core and must trade with a core.

Front 40

semi-peripheral regions

Back 40

able to exploit peripheral regions but are also exploited and dominated by the core regions.

Front 41

leadership cycles

Back 41

periods of international power established by individual states through economic,political and military competition.

Front 42

hegemony

Back 42

the domination over the world economy, fueled by a combination of economic, military,financial and cultural means.

Front 43

ethnocentrism

Back 43

an attitude towards ones own race and culture, feeling theirs is superior to those of others.

Front 44

environmental determinism

Back 44

the though that human activities are shaped by the environment.

Front 45

neocolonialism

Back 45

economic and political strategies that powerful states in core economies use to extend their influence over areas or people.

Front 46

globalization

Back 46

the increasing interconnectedness between different parts of the world.

Front 47

commodity chains

Back 47

networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and its finishing process.

Front 48

why globalization is possible

Back 48

new technology in transportation, infrastructure and communication.

Front 49

colonizers

Back 49

brought in infrastructure,legal,government,language,religion and cultural ways. they also brought forth vast migration including forced migration and cultural interaction.

Front 50

globalization empires

Back 50

fostered communication exchanges,cultural diffusion and adaptation, and the exchange of technology,goods,culture and disease.

Front 51

state

Back 51

a political unit with specific boundaries ruled by a government

Front 52

nation

Back 52

a group of people sharing commonalities.

Front 53

Post WWII

Back 53

non-governmental organizations (NGOS) were created to regulate free nationalism that led to world wars. the UN sought to mediate international issues with decolonization.

Front 54

the bretton woods conference

Back 54

created rules for monetary policy for industrial states focusing on the nation state model.

Front 55

decolonization

Back 55

opened new markets and brought new issues.

Front 56

cold war 1991

Back 56

US and USSR fought for influence over the third world,which became pawns to the 2 superpowers.

Front 57

ways the super powers promoted superiority

Back 57

by exerting cultural and economic influence through military,money and exporting cultural ways.

Front 58

outsourcing

Back 58

industrial states outsourced to places with fewer regulations and cheaper wages starting in the 1970's leading to De-industrialization in western industrial states.

Front 59

post cold war globalization

Back 59

globalization has elements that only have emerged since the end of the cold war.

Front 60

transnational corporations

Back 60

major players that are often larger and have more influence than states.

Front 61

new states

Back 61

china and India have become more powerful international actors.

Front 62

increased transportation and communication

Back 62

has allowed the intensification of social and economic relationships between people around the world.

Front 63

internet and technologies

Back 63

popularization of the internet and other technologies connect people beyond borders and creates interdependency like never before in history.

Front 64

modern globalization

Back 64

has increased speed due to instant and near instant communication. something the world has been influenced by. the scope is broader effecting economies,politics,ideas and cultures.

Front 65

economic globalization

Back 65

the intensification and stretching of economic interrelationships across the globe.

Front 66

transnational corporations

Back 66

want free market systems that easily cross the state borders.

Front 67

first world companies

Back 67

send manufacturing to third world locations where labor is cheap and low safety and environment laws exist.

Front 68

financial globalization

Back 68

international banking and financial stsyems have grown so complex and interconnected that a financial crisis in one part of the world can greatly effect all others. the interconnections have led to increased interdependence as well as increased volatility around the world

Front 69

technological globalization

Back 69

leading to new innovations in less technological areas leading to an increase of knowlege and bettered lives.innovations in communication become widely available allowing more people around the world to experience technology and the information it brings.

Front 70

political globalization

Back 70

the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe. the interdependent nation state has bee the model,but might be threatened by non-governmental organizations and corporations.

Front 71

cultural globalization

Back 71

the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. these flows include music,language and images,especially transmitted through media. the increase of interaction leads to more diversity of culture and cultural imperialism.

Front 72

environmental globalization

Back 72

with more manufacturing coal and oil based power plants,factories have added to carbon emissions. this increases global warming. air water and ground pollution in unregulated states effects the environment. cutting the rainforest down has huge impacts on the worlds ecology.

Front 73

medical globalization

Back 73

medical advances can spread through technology and medical breakthroughs can be shared worldwide. disease can also spread more quickly through increased transportation.

Front 74

challenges to globalization

Back 74

globalization does not benefit everyone. Small farmers,industrial workers,small businesses and the environment are harmed as are many third world places.

Front 75

protectionists

Back 75

want to stop what they feel is a homogenization of culture based on western imperialist ideas.

Front 76

traditionalist and fundamentalists

Back 76

fear that they will lose their way of life,their religion and their cultural ways due to globalization.

Front 77

xenophobics and nationalists

Back 77

groups who fight against some aspects of globalization.

Front 78

population geography

Back 78

human geographers are interested in demography-the study of human population,their distribution patterns and processes.

Front 79

what population is based on

Back 79

fertility rates,death rate,life expectancy and migration.

Front 80

The J curve

Back 80

human population growth shows a general level of population through mugh of human history. exponential growth in populations have come over last 100 years and doubling in the past 40. with industrialization and urbanization came huge increases in world populations based on more steady food supplies,increased medical care and hygiene.

Front 81

population distribution

Back 81

populations are higher along water ways and lowest at rugged arrid terrains,which are further from water sources. over 90% of all humans live in 10% of its land surface.

Front 82

population pyramid

Back 82

indicate stages of development,healthcare and fertility rates. effects of wars or famines and trends of increased fertility or in immigration. in a pre industrial society with a high birth and death rate, populations appear as a pyramid.

Front 83

baby booms

Back 83

can be traced through the decades along with baby book echoes and troughs.

Front 84

carrying capacity

Back 84

the number of people in a given place can hold given their natural resource availability. more affluent states can have a higher carrying capacity because they can import foods and other resources. less affluent states often have low carrying capacity at the same time they have high birth rates.

Front 85

malthusian theory

Back 85

malthus' theory on population (1798) states that population numbers will increase faster than the carrying capacity can keep up, exhausting the resource supply.

Front 86

push pull effect

Back 86

for migration to occur, push and pull factors involved conditions or events that may push a person or group out of an area.

Front 87

pull factor

Back 87

why a person or group ends up in a specific place.

Front 88

sustainable development.

Back 88

the idea of a state or regions development that works to achieve a balance between social justice for all people,impact on the environment and economic growth.

Front 89

population factors of sustainable development.

Back 89

increase in population can put strains on resources and lead to instability,inequity and unsustainability.

Front 90

aging populations

Back 90

many current states in the 4th stage of the demographic transition model have aging populations,leading to problems of how to take care of a dependent population.

Front 91

cultural ecology

Back 91

the study of how humans have adapted to the environment through the years. this includes modifying nature. cultures that rely on nature are more liekly to maintain the ecosystems,only modern human cultures have considered nature to be their servant instead of being stewards of the earth.

Front 92

nature society interactions

Back 92

human's complex relationship with the environment. the need humans have for nature in order to survive as a specie,but have a greater impact on nature than other species.

Front 93

ecosystems

Back 93

are interdependent and fragile with all parts interacting in balance. the disruption of those relationships by humans can alter or damage the ecosystem.

Front 94

resources

Back 94

are derived from the environment and utilized by humans.

Front 95

renewable resources

Back 95

can be renewed or regrown;ex wood,sun,air,water.

Front 96

non renewable

Back 96

resources that cannot be replaced.

Front 97

IPAT

Back 97

impact=population+affluence+technology. the impact on the environment.

Front 98

nuclear power

Back 98

a both renewable and non renewable source. power plants can run 40-75 years. nucelar waste can contaminate land, water and ground for eons.

Front 99

Colombian exchange

Back 99

introduced plants and animals from the americas to europe and the world. european introducers altered the regions flora and fauna forever.

Front 100

virgin soil epidemics

Back 100

European airborne diseases that Americans had no immunities to decimated native nations.

Front 101

ecological imperialism

Back 101

occurred when european plants and animals tool over the americas,in some cases overtaking the native species and leading to their extinction.

Front 102

The green revolution

Back 102

Technologies that allowed farmers to produce more agriculture to meet the growing need.