Geography Chapters 1-4

Front 1

Distribution

Back 1

describes the way in which people are spread out across the Earth's Surface

Front 2

Density

Back 2

describes the number of people living in a given area, usually a square kilometer.

Front 3

Distribution and density are mainly affected by:

Back 3

1.)Relief Factors
2.)Climate
3.)Vegetation
4.)Soil
5.)Natural Resources
6.)Water Supply
7.)Natural Routes
8.)Economic Factors
9.)Political Factors
10.)Social Factors

Front 4

Population Growth

Back 4

is the greatest in developing countries like Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Continents with the slowest increase in population are developed continents like Europe, the former USSR, North America and Australia.

Front 5

Population Change

Back 5

depends on the birth rate, daeth rate, and migration.

Front 6

Natural increase

Back 6

is the difference beetween birth rate(average number of births per 1000 people) and the death rate.

Birth rate - Death rate = natural increase.

Front 7

Stage 1 of the Population Growth Rate

Back 7

Birth and death rate are high (amazon rainforest)

Front 8

Stage 2 of the population Growth Rate

Back 8

Birth rate is high, death rate falls rapidly

Front 9

Stage 3 of the Population Growth Rate

Back 9

Birth rates fall, death rates keep falling

Front 10

Stage 4 of the Population Growth Rate

Back 10

Birth and death rate are low

Front 11

Life Expectancy

Back 11

the number of years that the average person born in a certain place is expected to live.

Front 12

Calculating the dependency rate

Back 12

Non-economically active / economically active X 100

Front 13

Optimum population

Back 13

is the number of people living in a given area that can maximize the use of resources.

Front 14

Overpopulation

Back 14

when the number of people in a living country or region is too many for the resources available.

Front 15

Underpopulation

Back 15

when resources available are too numerous for the people living there.

Front 16

Settlement

Back 16

is a place where people live.

Front 17

Criteria to classify settlement

Back 17

Location (site and situation)
Shape (patterns)
Major use (function)
Position/rank (hierarchy)

Front 18

Site

Back 18

describes the point at which the town is located. The choosing of the initial site is based on water supply and resources.

Front 19

Situation

Back 19

describes where the settlement is located in relation to surrounding features. The situation determines whether the town will grow and become a larger town or whether it will remain small.

Front 20

Settlement types

Back 20

Settlements are divided into rural and urban.

Front 21

Rural Settlement

Back 21

Isolated building, Hamlet, Village or small market town

Front 22

Urban Settlement

Back 22

Larger industrial town, city, conurbation., capital city.

Front 23

Patterns

Back 23

Dispersed, Nucleated, Linear or sreet, Planned are the four different kinds of patterns and shapes for villagese

Front 24

Dispersed

Back 24

an area of adverse physical difficulty where natural resources are insufficient to support more than a few people.

Front 25

Nucleated

Back 25

when several buildings are grouped together for defensive purposes, social and economic reasons.

Front 26

Linear or Street

Back 26

where buildings are strung out along a line of communication (road)

Front 27

Planned

Back 27

suburbanized villages surrounding large towns. Developed land (Dutch Polders)

Front 28

Function of a settlement

Back 28

The function of a settlement is the main service offered in the settlement. Some settlements are multifunctional and offer different services.

Front 29

Hierarchies

Back 29

Hierarchy refers to the arrangments of settlements within a given area (country, county) in an 'order of importance'

Front 30

The sphere of influence

Back 30

also called the market area, is the area served by a particular settlement. The area of influence depends upon the size of the sevices of a town and the surrounding settlements. Transport facilities available and level of competition

Front 31

Threshold population

Back 31

is the minimum number of people needen for a service to survive.

Front 32

Range

Back 32

is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to obtain a service

Front 33

Urbanization

Back 33

an increarse in the proportion of living in towns and cities

Front 34

People move to urban areas for:

Back 34

1.)more and better-paid jobs
2.)nearness to places of work an entertainment
3.)better housing, services and shopping facilities

Front 35

Urban land use models

Back 35

1.) (concentric model)Burgess: its based in the city of Chicago where the CBD is in the middle and the town grows outwars the CBD. its based on the age of houses and the wealth of their occupants.

2.) (sector model)Hoyt: its a model proposed after the development of public transport. Its divided in sectors alongside main transport routes into and out of the city.

Front 36

Land values and spaces

Back 36

land values are higher in the CBD where the competition for land is the greatest. it decreases towards the urban boundary.

Front 37

Age

Back 37

as towns develop, the oldest building are usually near to the city centre.

Front 38

Accessibility

Back 38

the CBD is the easiest place to reach from all parts of the city thanks to the main routes from the suburbs.

Front 39

Wealth and inhabitants

Back 39

people with lower income tend to live in cheaper housing near the CBD.

Front 40

Growth of cities

Back 40

In 1800 only 3 per cent of the world’s population lived in urban areas, 29 per cent in 1950 and it is predicted to exceed 50 per cent by the year 2006.

Front 41

Urban Growth push factors

Back 41

Push factors: (why people leave the countryside)

1.)Lack of employment

2.)Pressure on the land (division of land between sons)

3.)Overpopulation because of high birth rates

4.)Starvation from either too little output for the people of the area or crop failure

5.)Limited food production

6.)Farming is hard work with long hours and little pay

7.)Machinery replaces workers

8.)Natural disasters like drought

9.)Lack of services

10.)Extreme physical conditions

Front 42

Urban Growth Pull Factors

Back 42

Pull factors: (why people move to the city)

1.)Job opportunities

2.)Better housing and higher quality house

3.)Schools, medical treatment and entertainment

4.)Night life

5.)More reliable sources of food

6.)Religious and political activities can be carries safely

Front 43

Migration

Back 43

is the movement from one place to another.

Front 44

Voluntary Migration

Back 44

is the free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom

Front 45

Forced Migration

Back 45

is when the migrant has no personal choice but has to move due to natural disaster or to economic or social imposition

Front 46

Refugees

Back 46

are people who have been forced to leave their country for fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, politics, civil wars or due to environmental disaster.