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285 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agricultural density
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the number of farmers per unit area of farmland
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arithmetic density
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the total number of objects in an area
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base line
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east-west lines
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cartography
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the science of mapping
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concentration
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the extent of a feature's spread over space
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connections
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relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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contagious diffusion
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the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population
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cultural ecology
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the geographic study of human -environment relationships
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cultural landscape
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a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features
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culture
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the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
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density
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the frequency with which something occus in space
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diffusion
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the process by which a characteristic spreads across space form one place to another over time
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distance decay
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when contact dimishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears
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distribution
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arrangement of a feature in space
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environmental determinism
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a appreach which focused on how the physical environment cuased by social development
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acid deposition
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sulfur oxides and notrogen oxides emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-wehre they combine with oxygen and water to form fulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface
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acid precipitation
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conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog
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active solar energy systems
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solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors
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agribusiness
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comercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in teh foo-drocessing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
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agricultural revolution
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the time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied on hunting
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agriculture
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the effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
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air pollution
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concentration of trace substances at a greater level thatn occurs in adv. air
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animate power
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power supplied by people/animals
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animism
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belief that objects or natural events have a descrete spirit and conscious life
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annexation
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legally adding land area to a city in the U.S.
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apartheid
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laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into diff. geographic areas
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autonomous religion
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a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
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balance of power
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conditon of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
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balkanization
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process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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balkanized
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small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states bc it was inhabited by many ethnicities w/ complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other
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basic industries
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industiries that sell their products or services primarily to consumeers outside the settlement
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biochemical oxygen demand (BODO
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amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic wast; a measure of water pollution
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biodiversity
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the # of species within a specific habitat
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biomass fuel
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fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
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blockbusting
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process by which real estate agensts convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices bc of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood
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boundary
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invisible line that mard sthe extent of a state's territory
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brain drain
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large-scale emigration by talented people
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branch (of a religion)
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a large and fundamental division within a religion
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break-of-bulk point
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a location where transfer is posible from one mode of transportation to another
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breeder reactor
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a nulcear power plant that creats in own fuel form plutonium
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British Recieved Pronunciation (BRP)
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te dialect of english associated iwth upper-class britons living i the London area and now considered standard in the UK
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bulk-gaining industry
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an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
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bulk-reducing industry
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industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs
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business services
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services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses
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caste
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the class or distinct hereditary order into whcih a Hindu is assigned according to religious law
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census tract
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an area delineated by the ux bureau of the census for which statistics are published
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census
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a complete enumeration of a pop.
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CBC (central buisness district)
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the area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered
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central place theor
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a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact atha settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
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central place
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a mardet center fo the exchange of services by people attaracted form the surrounding area
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centripetal force
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an attitude that tends to unify peole and enhance support for a state
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cereal grain
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a grass yielding grain for food
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chaff
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husks of grain separated form the seed by threshing
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chain migration
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migration of people to a specific location bc relatives or member of the same nationality previously migrated there
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chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
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a gass used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers
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circulation
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short-term , repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
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city-state
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a soverign state comprisng a city and its immediate hinterland
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clustered rural settlement
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a rurual settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement
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colonialism
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attempt by one country to establis settlements and to impose its polictical, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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colony
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a teritorry that is legall tied to a soverign state rather than completely independent
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combine
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a machine that reaps, threshes, and claeans grain while moving over a field
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commercial agriculture
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agriculture undertaken primarily to generate product for sale off hte farm
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compact state
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a state in which the distance form the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
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concentration
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the spread of something over a given area
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concentric zone model
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a model of the internal structure of cities ih which social gorups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
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conservation
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the sustainalbe use and management of a natural resouce, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced
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consumer services
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businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services
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contagious diffusion
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the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a pop.
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cosmogony
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a set of religous belefs concerning the origin of the universe
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cottage industry
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manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the INdustrail Revoluton
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council of gov.
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a cooperative agency consisteing of representatives of local goxs in a metropolitan area in the US
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counterurbanization
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net migration form turban to rual areas in more developed countries
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creole or crolized lang.
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a lang. that results form the mixing of a colonizer's lang. with the indigenous language of the peole being dominated
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crop rotation
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the practice fo rotation use of diff. fields form crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
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crop
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grain or fruit gathered form the field as a harves t during a particular season
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crude birth rate
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the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the siciety
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crude death rate
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the toal number of deaths in a year for ever 1,000 alive in the society
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custom
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the frequent repititon of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people persforming the act
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demographic transition
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the process of change in a sociey's pop. form a conditon of high cude birdthe and death rates and low rate of natual increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natual incarease and a higher totla pop
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demography
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the scientific study of pop characteristics
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denomination
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a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and admiistrative body
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density gradient
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the change in density in an urban area form teh center to the periphery
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dependency ratio
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the number of people under the age of 15 and over 64 compared to the numer of peopl eactive in the labor force
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desertificaton
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degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, promarily because of human actons like excessive crop planting, animal grazing and tree cutting
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development
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a precoess of improvement in the material conditons of the people throuhg diffusion of knowledge and technology
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dialect
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a regionaly variety of a lan. distinguished by vocab., spelling, and pronunciation
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diocese
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the basic unit of geopraphic organization in the Roman Catholic Church
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dispersed rual settle ment
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a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
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double cropping
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harvesting twice a year form the same field
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doubling time
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the nubjmer of years deede dto double a pop. assumeing a constant rate of natural increase
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ebonics
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dialect spoken by some african-americans
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economic base
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a communty's collection of basic industries
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ecumene
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the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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edge city
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a large node of office and retail activiteies on the edge of an urban area
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elongated state
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a stated with a long, narrow shape
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emigration
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migration form a location
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enclorure movement
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the precess of consolidatine small landholdings in to a smaller number of larger farms in England during hte 18th century
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epidemiological transition
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distinctive causes of death in each state of the demographic transition
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ethnic cleansing
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process in which more powerful ethinic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
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ethnice religion
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religion with relatively concentrated spatioan distribution whose proiciples are liekly to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
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ethnicity
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identity with a group of peopl ethat share distincet physical and mental traints als a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
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expansion diffusion
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the spread of a feature or trend among peple form one area to another in a snowballing process
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extinct lag.
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a lang. that was once used by peole in daily activities but is no longer used
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federal state
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an internal organization of a state that allocated most powers ot units of local gov.
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ferrous
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metals, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel
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filtering
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process of change in the use of a house, form single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
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fission
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splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
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floodplain
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area subjet to flooding during a given number of years accoring to historical trends
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folk culture
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culture taradionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
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forced migration
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premanent vomement compelled usually by cultural factors
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fordist production
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form of mass production in wihc each worder is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
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formal region
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area in which everyone shared sin one or more distinctive characteristics
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fossil fuel
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enery source formed form the residue of palntas and animals buried millions of years ago
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fragmented state
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stae that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
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franglais
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term used by French for english words that have entered the french lang
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frontier
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a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises politial control
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function (or nodal) region
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an area organized aourn a node or focal point
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fundamentalism
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literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
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fusion
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creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium
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Gender empowerment measure
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compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and politial decison making
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Gender-Related Development Index
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compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
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gentrification
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a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area
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geothermal energy
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energy form steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks
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gerrymandering
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process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting hte party in power
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ghetto
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a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited ony by Jews; now used to denote a seciton of a city in which member of any minority group live
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GIS
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a computer system that sotres, organizes, analyzes, and displays geopgraphic data
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globalizaton
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actions or processes that involve the entire world adn result in making someting worldwide in scope
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global positioning system (GPS)
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a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of setellites, tracking stations, and recievers
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grain
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seed of a cereal grass
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gravity model
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model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
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green revoluton
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rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yeild seeds and fertilizers
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greenbelt
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a rin of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
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greenhouse effe3ct
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anticipated increase in Earth's temp., caused by CO2 trapping some of the ratdiation emitted by the surface
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grenwich mean time
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the time in that time zone ecompassing the prime meridian
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gross domestic product (GDP)
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the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)
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guest workers
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workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and WEstern Europe, usually from Southern and eastern europe or from north africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
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habit
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repetitive act performed by a particular individual
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hearth
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the region from which innovative ideas orginate
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hierarchial religion
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a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
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horticulture
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the growing of fruits, vegies, and flowers
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hull
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the outer covering of a seed
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Human development index (HDI)
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indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by UN, coming income, literacy, education and life expectancy
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hydroelectric power
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power generated form moving water
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ideograms
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the system of writing used in china and other east asian countries in which each symbol represents and idea or a concept rather than a specific sound as in the case with letters in english
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immigration
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migration to a new location
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imperialism
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control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
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inanimate power
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power supplied by machines
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industrial revolution
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a series of improvements in industraial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
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the toal number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
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intensive subsistence agriculture
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a form of subsistence agriculture in whichn farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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internal migration
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permanent movement within a particular country
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international date line
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an arc that for the msot part follows 180 longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas
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international migration
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permanent movement from one coutnry to another
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interregional migration
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premanent movement form one region of a country to another
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intervening obstacle
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an environmental or cultureal feature of hte landscape that hinders migration
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intraregional migration
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permanent movement within one region of a country
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isogloss
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a boundary that separates regions in which defferent lan. usages predominate
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isolaed lang.
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a lang. that is unrelated to any other lang.s and therefore not attached to any lang. family
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labor-intensive industry
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and industry for which labor osts comprise a high percentage of total expenses
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landlocked state
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a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
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land ordinance of 1785
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a low that divided much of the US into a system of townships to faciltate the sale of land to settlers
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language
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a system of communication through teh use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of peole to have the same meaning
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language branch
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colletion of lang.s related through a common ancestor that existd severla thoughsand years ago
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language family
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colleciton of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
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language group
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collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
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latitude
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the numbering system used to indicate the locatino of paralles drawn on a globe and measureing distance north adn south of the equator
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less developed country (LDC) or deveolping contry
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a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic deveolpment
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life expectancy
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the adv nujber of years an idividual can be expected to live, given current social, economic and medical conditions
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lingua franca
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a lang. nutually understood and comonly usued in trade by people who have diff. native lang.s
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literacy rate
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the percentage of a coutnr's pepole who can read and write
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literary tradition
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lang that is written as well as spoken
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location
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the position of anythoing on earth's surface
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longitude
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the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and mearuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
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map
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two dimenional or flat representatio nof earth's surface or aportion of it
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maquiladora
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factories built by US companies in mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico
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mardet area (hinterland)
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the area surrounding a central place, from whihc people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
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medical rev
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medical technology invented in europe and north america that is diffued to the poorer countries
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mental map
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an internal representation of a portion of earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place
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meridian
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an arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles
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metropolitan statistical area
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in US a central city of a least 50,000 pop, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city
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micropolitan statistical area
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urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city
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microstate
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state that encompasses a very small land area
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migration
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form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
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migration transition
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change in the migration pattering in a society that results from industionizaiton, pop growth and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
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milkshed
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the area surrounding a city form which milk is upplied
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missionary
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an indifvidual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religon
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mobility
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all types of movemetn form one location to another
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monotheism
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the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god
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more developed country (MDC) or relatiely developed country or develooped country
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country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
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multi-thnic state
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state that contains more than one ethnicity
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multinational state
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state than contains two or more ethnic groups with traditons of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
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nultiple nuclei model
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model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are aranged around a colledtion of noes of activities
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nationalism
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loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
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nationality
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identity with a goupr of people tha tshare legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
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nation-state
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state whose terrritory corresponds to that occuped by a particular ethnicity tha has been transformed into a nationality
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natural increase rate
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the percentage growth of a pop in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
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net migration
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the diff. between the level of immigration adn the level of emigration
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new international division of labor
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transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
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nonbasic industries
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industries that sell their products primarily to sonsumers in the community
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nonferrous
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metals utilezed to make products other thatn iron and steel
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nonrenewable energy
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souce of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted
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official lang.
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the lang adopted for use by the gov. for hte conduct of busines and publication of documents
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overpopulation
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number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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ozone
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a gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the statosphere
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paddy
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malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah
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pagan
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a follower of a phlytheistic religion in ancient times
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pandemic
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disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion fo the pop
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parallel
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a circle drawn around the globe paralles ot the equator and at right angles to the meridians
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passive solar energy ststems
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solar energy ststem that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices
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pastoral nomadism
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a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
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pasture
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grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing
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pattern
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the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
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perforated state
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state that completely surrounds another one
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peripheral model
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model of north american urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
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personal services
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services that profice for the well-being and personal imrovement of individual consumers
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photochemical smog
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an atmosphereic condition adn pollution, especially form motor vehicle emissions
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photovoltaic cell
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solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity
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physiological density
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the number of people per unit of area of arable land, whick is land suitable for agriculture
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pidgin lang.
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a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocab. of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two diff. langs
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pilgrimage
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a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
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place
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a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular characterf
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plantation
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large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale usually to a more developed country
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polder
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land created by the dutch by draining water from an area
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pollution
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addition of more wast thatn a resource can accommodate
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polytheism
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belief in or worship of more than one god
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popular culture
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culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certian habits despidte differenes in other personal characteristics
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population pyramid
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a bar graph representing the distribution of pop. by age and sex
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possibilism
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the theory that the physical environment may se tlimits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
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Post-Fordist production
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adoption by companies is flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of jobs
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potential reserve
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the ammoutn of energy in deposits not yet identified by though to exist
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preservation
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mainenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact
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primary sector
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the poriton of the economy concerned concerned with the direct extraction of material sfrom earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing and forestry
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primate city
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the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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primate city rule
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a pattern of settlement in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many peole as the second-ranking settlement
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prime agricultural land
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the most productinve farmland
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prime meridian
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the meridian disignated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
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principal meridian
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a nor-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the US
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producer services
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services that primarily help peole conduct businiess
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productivity
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the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
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projection
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the system used to transfer locations form earths surface to a flat map
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prorupted state
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n othewise compact state wiht a large projecting extension
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proven reserve
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the amount of reserve remaing in discovered deposits
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public houseing
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housing owned by the gov; in the us, it is rented to low-income resident, and the rents rae set at 30 percent of hte families' incomes
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public services
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services offered by the gov to provide sercirity and prtection for citizens and businesses
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pull factors
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factors that induce peole to move to a new location
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push factors
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factors that induce pole to leave old rsidences
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quota
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in reference to migration, a law that paces maximum limits on the number of peole who can immigrate to a country each year
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rae
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identity wiht a group of peple descended form a comon ancestor
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racism
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belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differrences producct and inherent superiority of a particular race
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racist
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a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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radioactive waste
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particles form a nuclear reacction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people adn must therefore be safely sotred fro thousands of years
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ranching
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a form of commercial agriculture in wich livestock graze over an extensive area
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range (of a service)
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the maximum distance peole are willing to travel to use a service
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rank-size rule
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a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the pop of the largest settlement
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reaper
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a machine that cuts grain standing in the field
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recycling
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the seperation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material
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redlining
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a prcess by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boudaries
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refugees
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peole who are foced to migrate from their home country adn cannot return for fear of persecution becasue of ther race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinon
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region
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an area istinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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regional studies
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an approach to geophraphy that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
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relocation diffusion
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the spread of a feature or trend thorugh bodily monement of poel eform one place to another
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remote sensing
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the acquisition of data about earth's surface form a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods
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renewable energy
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a resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depletd when ussed by humans
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resource
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a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
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retail services
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services that provide goods for sale to consumers
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ridge tillage
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sysstem of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
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right-to-work state
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a US state that has passed a law preventing a uniion an dcompany from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
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rush hour
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the four consecutive 15 min periods in the morning and evening witht eh heaviest volumes of traffic
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sanitary landfill
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a place to deposit solid wste, wehre a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage ech day to reduce emissions og gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin
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sawah
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a flooded field for growing rice
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scale
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the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map
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secondary sector
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the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming and assembling raw materials
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sect
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a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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section
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a square normally 1 mile on a side--township is 36 sections
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sector model
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model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around aseries of secotrs or wedges goin out form central business district
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seed agriculture
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repro of plants through annual intro of seeds
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self-determination
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concept that ethnicites have the right to govern themselves
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servie
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any activity tha tfulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide
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settlement
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a permanen colleciton of buildings and inhabitatnts
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sex ration
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the number of males per 100 females in pop
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sharecropper
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perosn who works fields rented form a ladowner and pays the rent and repays loans by tuning over the landowner a share of crops
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shifting cultivation
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form of sibsistence agriculture in which pepo eshift activity form one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
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site
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the physical character of aplace
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site factors
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location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, adn captial
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situation
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the location of a place relative to other places
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