Geography Chapter 8

Front 1

Time Periods

Back 1

(Shortest to Longest)
Eon
Era
Period
Epoch

Hint 1

Today:
PhanerozoicEON
Cenozoic ERA
Quatemary PERIOD
Holocene EPOCH

Front 2

Superposition

Back 2

rock and sediment are always arranged with the oldest on the bottom and the newest on the top

Front 3

Law of horizontality

Back 3

rock strata and deimentary layers are laid down in horizontal strata

Front 4

Uniformitarianism

Back 4

assumes that the same physcial processes active in the environment today have operated throughout geologic time

Hint 4

"the presdent is the key to the past"

Front 5

Lithosphere

Back 5

-Earth's crust/living area

Front 6

asthenosphere

Back 6

region of upper mantle below the lithosphere
-plastic layer

Front 7

Continental Crust

Back 7

Granite

Hint 7

coarse grain
slow cooling
intrusive igneous

Front 8

Oceanic Crust

Back 8

Basalt

Hint 8

fine grain
extrusive igneous

Front 9

The Geologic Cycle

Back 9

the formation and destruction of the earth's surface (lithosphere) fueld by the earth's internal heat and by solar energy

Front 10

The Geologic Cycle (1/3)

Back 10

Hydrologic Cycle

Hint 10

a simplified model of the flow of water and water vapor from place to place as energy powers system operations. water flows through the atmosphere; across the land, where it is also stored as ice; and within gorundwater

Front 11

The Geologic Cycle (2/3)

Back 11

Rock Cycle

Hint 11

A model representing the interrelationships among the 3 rock forming processes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. showing how each can be transformed into another rock type.

Front 12

The Geologic Cycle (3/3)

Back 12

Tectonic Cycle

Hint 12

Driven by internal energy from within the Earth; refers to large scale movement and deformation of the crust

Front 13

Rock Cycle
Mineral

Back 13

an element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic natural compound

Hint 13

Silicon, quartz, calcium, magnesium, feldspar

Front 14

Rock Cycle
Rock

Back 14

as assemblag of minerals bound together (granite), can be just a single mineral (rock salt)

Front 15

Rock Cycle

Back 15

all rocks are 1 of 3 kinds:
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

Front 16

Igneous Rocks

Back 16

rocks that solidify and crystallize from a molten state, they form from magma.

Hint 16

Magma:
molten rock beneath the surface

Front 17

Igneous Rocks:
Intruded
Extruded

Back 17

Intruded:
into rock

Hint 17

Extruded:
onto the surface

Front 18

Igneous Rocks
How Classfied

Back 18

its texture and degree of crystallization is determined by where and how fast it cools

Hint 18

sills (left to right)
dikes (up and down)
Laccolith (buldges within layers)
Batholith (main): top of surface may be mountains

Front 19

Intrusive Igneous Rock

Back 19

coarse-grained
slower cooling

Front 20

Extrusive Igneous Rock

Back 20

fine-grained
faster cooling

Front 21

Sedimentary Rocks

Back 21

derived from existing rock and organic material through the processes of erosion and weathering, particles are mechanically transported and deposited.

Front 22

Lithification

Back 22

the process of cementation, compaction and hardening of dediments

Hint 22

"cemented" toghet by the water between them leaving

Front 23

Stratigraphy

Back 23

the study of rock layers and their sequence, thickness, and distribution.

Front 24

Sandstone

Back 24

formed from fine to coarse sand (quartz), cemented with silica or CaCO3

Front 25

Shale

Back 25

most abundant sedimentary rock, compaction of clay and minderals

Front 26

Sedimentary Process
Limestone

Back 26

lithified calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the most common chemical sedimentary rock

Hint 26

90% is organic material
-organismes (dead) left behind and cemented into the limestone
-"cemented" = evaporated water

Front 27

Sedimentary Process
Evaporites

Back 27

chemical sediments formed when water evaporates and leaves behind a residue of salts

Hint 27

gypsum, doium choride (salt)

Front 28

Sedimentary Process
Organic Sediment

Back 28

consits of tissues of plants and animals that accumulate and are preserved

Hint 28

layers in a bog:

coal (old)
peat (new)

Front 29

Metamorphic Rocks
Definition

Back 29

existsg of rock, either igneous or sedimentary, which goes therough physical or chemical changes under pressure and increased temperature.

Hint 29

these rocks are generally harder and more resistant to tweathering and erosion

Front 30

Metamorphic Rocks
Process

Back 30

1. Igneous rocks are compressed during plate movement
2. regional metaphorphism - sediments are metamorphosed when their own weight is great enough
3. contact metamorphism - intruded magma cooks adjacent rocks

Front 31

Metamorphic Process
Type

Back 31

Foliated vs. nonfoliated

Hint 31

depends on parent material

Front 32

The Tectonic Cycle
Alfred Wegener

Back 32

eath's landmasses midgrate
"continental drift"

Hint 32

-pangea: "all earth," the name for the super continent.

Front 33

The Tectonic Cycle
Plate Tectonics

Back 33

a conceptual model which includes the upwelling of magma, crustal plate movements, earthquakes, volcanic activity, subduction and more in shaping the earth's surface in regard to its continents and other physical features.

Front 34

The Tectonic Cycle
Production of New Crust (2)

Back 34

1. Sea-Floor Spreading:
proposed by Hess and Dietz in the 1960's

the mechanism which builds the oceanic mountain chain and drives continental movement

Hint 34

2. Mid-Ocean Ridges:
submarine mountain ranges alone which the crust of the earth is fractured:
magma spills out, cools to form new sea floor, and spreads laterally.

Front 35

The Tectonic Cycle
Subduction of Crust (2)

Back 35

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust, therefore when oceanic and continental crust collide the denser ocean floor dives beneath the lighter continent.

Hint 35

1. Subduction Zone:
the area in which plates collide, descent, remelts, and material is eventually recycled back into the earth.

2. Oceanic trenches:
created from subduction zones, the deepest features on the earth's surface

Front 36

The Tectonic Cycle
The Formation & Breakup of Pangaea

Back 36

225 mya - combination of the modern continents to form Pangaea

135mya - continents split north and south to form Laurasia and Gondwanaland.

Today - the crust is divided into at least 14 plates which are still moving and rearranging themselves

Front 37

The Tectonic Cycle
Plate Boundries

Back 37

Convergent: oceanic crust goes under the continental crust

Divergent: plates are pulling apart / away from each other

Transform faults: sliding, friction, cause of earthquakes. usually pulling in different directions, but can be pulling in the same direction at different speeds