Geography - Biosphere

Front 1

endogenic (internal) forces

Back 1

forces originating inside earth; plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.

Front 2

exogenic (external) forces

Back 2

forces originating at or above earth surface; water, wind, chemical processes etc.

Front 3

dynamics of landforms formation

Back 3

- internal forces build up earth's surface
- earth's features are to be destructed by external forces
- landforms as a result of interaction of the 2 forces

Front 4

what are the structures of earth?

Back 4

core, outer core, inner core, crust, uppermost zone, softer sphere, deep mantle, and lithosphere.

Front 5

lithosphere?

Back 5

containing number of rigid slabs of plates caused tectonic plates

Front 6

volcanoes... definition, distribution, and related terms.

Back 6

- as surface vents where magma is expelled onto earth's surface
- mostly associated with plate subsections: pacific ring of fire containing 80% of active volcanoes
- related terms: upper surface, basaltic ocean floor, upper mantle, thermosphere = lithosphere

Front 7

earthquakes... definition, distribution, and related terms.

Back 7

- displacement of earth's crust along a fault; abrupt release of energy after a long accumulation of strain.

Front 8

focus

Back 8

center of fault movement

Front 9

seismic waves

Back 9

ring-like vibrations from focus outward

Front 10

epicenter

Back 10

location at surface directly above the focus; strongest vibration felt

Front 11

deadliest earthquake?

Back 11

jan 23, 1556; shansi china, magnitude 8.0, 830000 deaths

Front 12

collision of two continental plates?

Back 12

produces long folded maintain chains, and earthquakes

ex: himalayas, appalachians and alps

Front 13

oceanic-continental plate collisions?

Back 13

heavier oceanic plate subducts under the continental plates

ex: coastal moutons, ocean trenches, earthquakes, chains of volcanoes, andes

Front 14

oceanic- collisions

Back 14

subduction, ocean trenches, earthquakes, volcanic mountain chains, island arcs

ex: japan, philippines, indonesia

Front 15

plates spread apart?

Back 15

magna wells up and hardens; seafloor spreading; mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys

ex: mid atlantic ridge, rift valleys of east africa

Front 16

Folding

Back 16

- crystal rocks bent in a slow plastic deformation due to pressures, particularly lateral compression
- uplife and erosions on parallel folds: parallel valleys and ridges; appalachian mountains

Front 17

faulting

Back 17

- rocks fractures and displaced along cracks or faults due to crystal stresses
- fault-block mountains formed when one block moves upward and the other downward; the teton range in western wyoming.

Front 18

ecosystem

Back 18

all living organisms in an area and the physical environment with which they interact

Front 19

components with in an ecosystem?

Back 19

- producer: organism that provide food
- decomposer: organisms that consume dead organism
- consumer: organisms that consume food
- material & energy: water, minerals, oxygen heat, etc. sustain production and consumption

Front 20

food chain?

Back 20

sequential consumption of food in an ecosystem

ex:

plants -> herbivores/ominvores -> carnivores = decomposers

Front 21

trophic levels

Back 21

an organism's position in a food chain

- only small fraction of energy is passed on from a lower to higher tropic level: most energy is lost

Front 22

food pyramid?

Back 22

DEFINITION?

Front 23

biomagnifications?

Back 23

increasing concentration of a substance when it moves up the food chain

Front 24

biodiversity

Back 24

degree of variation of life forms in a local ecosystem, a climatic zone, or the entire planet

Front 25

species extinction?

Back 25

the last member of a species dies and the species disappears

Front 26

geography of plants

Back 26

1. forest: places with ample annual precipitation and precipitin being available most of the year
2. grasslands: places with semi-humid or semi-arid conditions, not humid enough to support forest.
3. deserts: scattered plants in desert climates
4. tundra: low plants, woody shrubs, no trees
5. wetlands: swamps and marches

Front 27

Describe characteristics of various animal regions

Back 27

- ethopian region: most diverse vertebrate fauna of all; affinities with oriental/palearctic

- oriental region: fauna assemblage similar to ethiopian with less diversity; some unique groups

- paleartic region: relatively poor fauna; affinities with nearctic region

- pacific island region: limited

- nearctic region: poor fauna with exception of reptiles

- neotropicial region: rich/diverse fauna; many unique groups

- austrialian region: few but unique vertebrate fauna

- madagascar region: primitive primate

- new zealand region: no land vertebrae; birds

Front 28

3 factors of resources

Back 28

- culture:
- technology:
- economic consideration:

Front 29

renewable resource

Back 29

replaceable continuously after use

ex: solar energy, air wind

Front 30

non-renewable resource

Back 30

slow formation; cannot be replaced easily after being used

ex: coal, crude oil

Front 31

metallic:

Back 31

iron, copper, lead, tin, aluminum, gold, silver

Front 32

non-metallic

Back 32

stone, graphite, sulfur, clay, slate, quartz

Front 33

energy-minerals

Back 33

oil, gas, coal, uranium etc.

Front 34

resource and development

Back 34

- countries highly depend on resource industry for income and employment
- countries consume large quantity of natural resources
- rising resources prices with growing would economy, causing inflammation
- concentration of wealth, power, techno, and employment

Front 35

topography or landform?

Back 35

the shape of earth's surface such as plain, valley, mountain, plateau, etc..: reflect structures within lithosphere

Front 36

what does geomorphology mean?

Back 36

academic field that studies landforms

Front 37

inner core and outer core

Back 37

- inner: rigid, 900 miles
- outer: molten 1300 miles

Front 38

describe crust, lithosphere, and mantle

Back 38

- crust: outermost shell continental crust 25-30 miles oceanic crust 5-6 miles
- lithosphere: containing number of rigid slabs of plates called tectonic plates
- mantle: rigid rocks

Front 39

Describe the “softer” layer (the asthenosphere) under the lithosphere

Back 39

tectonics plates, "float" on the tarlike softer phere of the mantle

Front 40

Describe the lithosphere as a “cracked shell” of earth: tectonic plates

Back 40

number of rigid slabs of plates

Front 41

What is the Ring of Fire? Where are world’s 80% live volcanoes distributed?

Back 41

mostly associated with plate subductions pacific ring of fire.

- near pacific ocean

Front 42

anticline, syncline, monocline, overturned, and overthrust. Can you identify them on a graph?

Back 42

look back at powerpoint

Front 43

normal, reverse, strike-slip (lateral), and thrust fault line respectively. Can you identify them on a graph?

Back 43

look back at powerpoint

Front 44

tropic levels in food chain

Back 44

primary producer, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers.

Front 45

study tropic level food chain powerpoint

Back 45

picture!

Front 46

how do energy and biomass get lost from one tropic level to the next higher tropic level?

Back 46

in an ecosystem, only a small fraction of energy is passed on from a lower to a higher tropic level

- loss of biomass from producers to higher tropic levels

Front 47

Why may biomagnification be harmful?

Back 47

may cause harmful effects at a certain tropic level

Front 48

What are the benefits of high levels of biodiversity? What are estimated and identified numbers of species respectively?

Back 48

- more food options, clear air and water, active pollination, reduced erosions; sustainable ecosystems.

Front 49

What is species extinction? How many species extinctions by human actions were documented between 1500 and 2007?

Back 49

- the last number of a species dies and the species disappears

- 900 documented species extinction; many more undocumented.

Front 50

What is overexploitation? Give examples

Back 50

- over harvesting and over hunting a species beyond the level that can be replenished or reproduced

ex: sea cow

Front 51

How can human actions cause species extinction?

Back 51

harvesting and over hunting

Front 52

How can pollution contribute to species extinction? Give example

Back 52

- introduces contaminations that destroy a species

ex: pollution of the illinois river

Front 53

How can habitat destruction contribute to species extinction? Give examples

Back 53

- destroys an ecosystem that supports species

ex: reduced species diversity of the salamanders due to clear-cutting

Front 54

How can introducing a predator or food competitor into an ecosystem contribute to species extinction? Give examples

Back 54

- introduce a species that dominate and causes other species to extinct

ex: invasion of the asian carp in the mississippi river - escaped from agriculture facilities.

Front 55

How can global warming contribute to species extinction?

Back 55

rising temp cause certain species to extinct due to drastic change in the ecosystem they reply on.

Front 56

Where can we find forests? Identify the three types of forests

Back 56

- in places with ample annual precipitation, and precipitation being available most of the year.

ex: tropical rain forests and woodlands
- mid-lattitude broad lead deciduous forests
- needleleaf of boreal forests of high latitudes

Front 57

Where can we find grasslands? Identify the three types of grasslands

Back 57

- in placees with semi-humid or semi-arid conditions, not humid enough to support forests

ex:
- tropical savanna, open woodland, and scrublands
- subtropical scrubland and woodlands
- mid-latitude grassland: praiser and steppe

Front 58

Where can we find desert vegetation?

Back 58

scattered plants in desert climates

Front 59

Describe tundra vegetation

Back 59

low plants, wood shrubs, no trees

Front 60

What are two types of wetlands?

Back 60

swamps and marches

Front 61

What is a resource?

Back 61

anything from nature that people use and value; distinguished from human creation and inventions

Front 62

Explain the three factors that determine whether a natural substance is a resource

Back 62

- culture: one natural substance may be regarded as a resource in one culture but not in another due to different cultural values
- technology: technologies capability to obtain and adapt
- economic consideration: supply and demand conditions make the production of the natural substance profitable to producers and the consumptions of it affordable to consumers.

Front 63

What is ecological footprint?

Back 63

amt of biologically productive land sea area needed to produce the output for consumption and for cleaning up the waste

Front 64

zero-growth or de-growth

Back 64

lasting environment protection only achievable via a halt or even a reduction in growth; live a simple life, consume less goods, enjoy more art, music, family, community

Front 65

green-growth

Back 65

we should switch to growth models based on green technologies, which will become the new source of the economic growth

Front 66

environmental protection-through-growth

Back 66

poor countries cause significant environmental destruction due to backward mode of survival; increasing their income through growth would bring better modes of living and thus reduce damage to the environment

Front 67

environmental Kuznets curve

Back 67

quality of the environment falls in the initial stages of economic growth, but this trend turns around after income reaches certain level