Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Eratosthenes
|
Calculated size of Earth
|
|
|
Strabo
|
Wrote "Geograpahica", a 17 volume description of ancient world
|
|
|
Ptolemy
|
Contributed to mapping, and theories in astronomy
|
|
|
Publisher of National Geographic and funds expeditions etc, furthering geographic education
|
National Geographic Society
|
|
|
Four categories of geographical studies
|
Regional, topical, physical, human
|
|
|
The four parts of what geographers study
|
Location, spatial, regional characteristics, forces that change Earth
|
|
|
Main disadvantage of a map
|
It's flat while Earth is a sphere
|
|
|
Stretching of Earth's features to put them on a map
|
Distortion
|
|
|
Process of putting Earth's features onto a flat surface (like a map)
|
Projection
|
|
|
Made by taking a cylinder of paper, wrapping it around a globe and using a light to project Earth's features onto the paper
|
Cylindrical Projections
|
|
|
Best known cylindrical projection
|
Mercator Projection (named after Gerardus Mercator)
|
|
|
Projection that uses a cone of paper. It touches the globe at the base of the cone only
|
Conical Projections
|
|
|
What are conical projections in map making mostly used for?
|
Map areas in middle latitudes (such as the USA)
|
|
|
Made with a flat piece of paper that touches globe at one point only. Often used for North and South Pole
|
Flat-Plane Projections
|
|
|
Type of Flat-Plane Projection
|
Gnomonic
|
|
|
Find the shortest route between two points by stretching a string from one point to the other
|
Great-Circle Routes
|
|
|
Another name for a map key
|
Legend
|
|
|
Grid system which most maps use of longitudinal and latitudinal lines
|
Geographic Grid System
|
|
|
Directional system on map
|
Compass Rose
|
|
|
4 main properties of maps
|
1. Size of areas
2. Shapes of areas 3. Consistent scales 4. Straight line directions |
|
|
A map whose meridians and parallels are drawn so that areas have same proportion as on Earth
|
Equal area map
|
|
|
Map which is as close as possible to true shapes
|
Conformal map
|
|
|
Maps that try and use same scale on all parts
|
Consistent scale map
|
|
|
Distance above or below sea level
|
Elevation
|
|
|
Show surface of land as flat, rugged or steep
|
Relief maps
|
|
|
Used to show specific information about a theme or topic (ie; population density or climate)
|
Thematic maps
|
|
|
Greek word for great city
|
Megalopolis
|
|
|
How much of the Earth's surface is water?
|
70%
|
|
|
How high are mountains?
|
2000 ft or more above sea level
|
|
|
Mountain ranges in North America
|
Appalachian and Rockies
|
|
|
Mountain range in South America
|
Andes
|
|
|
Mountain range in Asia
|
Himalayas
|
|
|
Mountain range in Australia
|
The Great Dividing Range
|
|
|
Mountain range in Europe
|
The Alps
|
|
|
Mountain ranges in Africa
|
The Atlas, Ahaggar and Drakenseburg
|
|
|
Another name for plateaus
|
mesas
|
|
|
A valley with a steep wall
|
Canyon
|
|
|
Areas of lowlands formed by soil and sediment deposited at the mouth of rivers. Generally very fertile.
|
Delta
|
|
|
Location of a fertile delta which produces cotton
|
delta of the Nile River
|
|
|
Low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains
|
basins
|
|
|
A low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range
|
foothills
|
|
|
Wet lowlands with rushes and reeds growing
|
marshes
|
|
|
5 oceans
|
1. Atlantic
2. Pacific 3. Indian 4. Arctic 5. Southern/Antarctic |
|
|
Formed by corals around the edge of volcanic craters/islands
|
Atolls
|
|
|
An example of a rift lake in the US
|
Lake Superior
|
|
|
Over 60% of lakes are located here
|
Canada
|
|
|
Important river in Australia
|
Murray-Darling
|
|
|
3 important rivers in Africa
|
Nile, Niger and Zaire
|
|
|
Important river in S.America
|
Orinoco
|
|
|
5 important rivers in Asia
|
Yangtze, Ganges, Mekong, Hwang He, Irrawaddy
|
|
|
2 vast river systems
|
Amazon and Mississippi
|
|
|
Man-made water passages made to connect two larger bodies of water
|
Canals
|
|
|
Canal connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
|
Panama Canal
|
|
|
Canal connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas
|
Suez Canal
|
|
|
Regions of climate are divided according to...
|
latitudes
|
|
|
How many latitude groups are there?
|
3 - low, middle and high
|
|
|
What are low latitudes composed of?
|
tropical rainforest, savanna and desert
|
|
|
These grasslands are north and south of tropical rainforests and have dry winters and wet summers
|
savannas
|
|
|
Further north and south of savannas, receiving less than 10 inches of rain per year. Extreme temperatures; daytime hot, night cold
|
Deserts
|
|
|
Mediterranean climate
|
Hot, dry summers and mild winters. Good for growing
|
|
|
Humid subtropical climate
|
Long, warm summers and short, mild winters. Moist
|
|
|
Marine climate
|
Near water or surrounded by it. Ocean winds, rainy (example: UK)
|
|
|
Humid continental climate
|
"Climate of four seasons" - can grow a variety of crops (example: Northern and central US)
|
|
|
Steppes or prairie climate
|
Dry, flatlands. Light and uncertain rainfall. Can become deserts
|
|
|
Two major climates found at high latitudes
|
Tundra and Taiga
|
|
|
Meaning of tundra
|
Marshy plain
|
|
|
Climate of tundra (North Russia, Canada and Europe)
|
Long, cold winters. Ground turns mushy in short summer months. No crops but animals.
|
|
|
Meaning of Taiga
|
Forest
|
|
|
Climate of Taiga compared to tundra
|
Colder in winter and hotter in summer - extreme
|
|
|
Climate unique to places with high mountains, such as Azerbaijan
|
vertical climate
|
|
|
How many major tectonic plates are there? (Along with more minor ones)
|
10
|
|
|
What are the three kinds of plate boundaries?
|
Convergent, divergent and transform
|
|
|
When plates are moving toward each other
|
Convergent boundaries
|
|
|
When plates are moving away from each other
|
Divergent boundaries
|
|
|
When plates are moving in opposite directions grinding on one another
|
Transform boundaries
|
|
|
When one plate slides under the other
|
Subduction
|
|
|
When two plates collide
|
continental collision
|
|
|
What does subduction often result in?
|
Volcanic activity
|
|
|
What can continental collisions create?
|
mountain ranges
|
|
|
2 examples of rifts caused by divergent boundaries
|
Mid Atlantic Ridge and Great Rift Valley
|
|
|
Example of a transform boundary
|
San Andreas Fault along West Coast of USA
|
|
|
Movement of eroded material from one place to another by wind, water or ice
|
Transportation
|
|
|
When sediments or other materials build up
|
Deposition
|
|
|
Which invention initiated the industrial revolution?
|
Plow
|
|
|
Before the agricultural revolution people were...
|
hunter gatherers
|
|
|
What came after the plow?
|
Tools
|
|
|
Where was the plow invented?
|
Mesopotamia
|
|
|
Settled communities that produce the necessities of life are referred to as...
|
self-supporting
|
|
|
2 effects of growing a surplus of food
|
Trade opportunities and a need for security against those who might steal it
|
|
|
How did settled community life give rise to the concept of wealth?
|
Became possible to keep possessions
|
|
|
The concept that a region is controlled by a govt
|
State sovereignties
|
|
|
Only area of Earth today not defined by state sovereignty
|
Antarctica
|
|
|
The study of how living organisms interact with the physical aspects of their surroundings
|
Ecology
|
|
|
The study of how the surface features of the Earth affect living things
|
Biogeography
|
|
|
Community consisting of a physical environment and the organisms living there
|
Ecosystem
|
|
|
Large area of land with characteristic climate, soil, plants and animals (ie; deserts, tundras, grasslands)
|
biome
|
|
|
A set of surroundings within which a species normally lives
|
Habitat
|
|
|
3 ways species within habitats interact
|
competition, predation, symbiosis
|
|
|
3 types of geography
|
Physical, human, cultural
|
|
|
What is the world population now? |
Over 6 billion
|
|
|
How much of the world's oxygen is produced in the Amazon rainforest?
|
More than 20%
|
|
|
Which can be regenerated more easily, temperate forests or rain forests?
|
Temperate
|
|
|
3 principle countries of Jakota Triangle |
Japan, S.Korea, Taiwan |
|
|
Makes Britain warmer than would be expected by its location
|
Gulf stream
|
|
|
What are the effects of the east-west orientation of the Alps and northern plains of western and central Europe?
|
Extends marine-like climate eastwards into Germany and Poland
|
|
|
Country which imports raw materials for its economy and so is not very self sufficient
|
Japan
|
|
|
A region in which subsistence agriculture is being replaced by large-scale commercial develoment
|
Amazon basin
|
|
|
What does Christaller's Central Place Theory describe?
|
Cities of different sizes/funtions
|
|
|
Form of diffusion where adoption of a new idea takes place in larger cities first and then trickles down to smaller ones (ie; fashion trends)
|
Hierarchical
|
|
|
A country which lies along the ring of fire
|
Chile
|
|
|
Similarity between Great Mississippi Flood 1927 and Hurricane Katrina
|
Failure of levee system caused massive flooding
|
|
|
A region defined by the set of activities that occur within it (ie; A hub for an airline carrier)
|
Functional region
|
|
|
Country at risk due to diminishing petroleum reserves (not a member of OPEC)
|
Mexico
|
|
|
Judaism, Christianity and Islam all have their origins here
|
Eastern Mediterranean
|
|
|
Experiences the greatest temperature extremes in the world
|
Siberia in Russia
|
|
|
Why do mid latitudes have temperate climate? |
Ocean winds moderate temps |
|
|
How does the weather move from west to east across US?
|
Jet stream (a high velocity wind) |
|
|
What is El Nino? |
The warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific
|
|
|
Bosporus Strait |
Separates Europe and Asia (In Istanbul) |
|
|
Result of increasing height of smokestacks |
Acid rain-damages forests/lakes |
|
|
A population’s rate of natural increase is determined by what?
|
The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate
|
|
|
The Robinson projection
|
designed to minimize distortion of the continents on world maps in terms of their relative size, especially near the polar regions.
|
|
|
Difference between physiological population density and population density |
physiological is superior as it is more reflective of pop'n pressure on arable land |
|
|
How is population increase measured? |
difference between crude birth and death rates |
|
|
When was gold rush? |
1848-1855 |
