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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tropical Wet |
-typically near the Equator -warm and hot all year long -well all year -may have two precipitation peaks
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Tropical Wet and Dry |
-located outside of the Equator (areas of TW) -warm and hot all year -wet summer -dry winter |
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Subtropical Desert |
-located at 25 or 30 degrees -dry from sinking air of Hadley Cells -warm and hot all year -cool at night |
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Midlatitude Desert |
-effect of Rainshadow -dry -warm and hot in the summer -cold in the winter |
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Mediterranean |
-West Coasts -located at 30 to 40 degrees -moderate temperatures -wet in the winter -dry in the summer *California, Australia, Chile, South Africa |
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Marine West Coast |
-West Coast -greater than 40 degrees -moderate temperatures -no dry season -well all year |
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Humid Continental |
-opposite side of continent from Marine West Coast -sometimes more toward the interior -around 40 degrees and over -colder weather
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Subarctic |
-generally located at 50 degrees to 70 degrees -Northern portions of continents -long and very cold winters -more severe weather -short and mild to cool summers
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Polar |
-Northern portions of continents -Antartica, Canada, and parts of Scandinavia -cool and cold all year long -dry seasons |
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Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest |
-around the Equator -forest: plenty of energy and moisture to support lots of biomass -evergreen: no stressful season or disadvantage to having leaves all the time -broadleaf: most efficient shape for purpose of a leaf as solar collector -tropical: simply describes the climate of area |
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Leaf Characteristics (Shape and Timing) |
broadleaf- wide and flat leaves (absorbs sunlight) needleleaf- having leaves that are needles evergreen- retains green leaves throughout the year deciduous- shedding its leaves annually
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Environmental Factors Influencing Vegetation |
climate- resources energy (temperature), and water (precipitation) topography- microclimate: local scale climate or how does Syracuse weather differ within Syracuse? soil- water and nutrients biotic interactions- interactions with other organisms (animals with grazing and see dispersal) (plants with competition and allelopathy) disturbance- kills or removes vegetation (fire, flood, volcanoes etc.)
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Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest |
-Eastern North America -forest: enough energy and moisture to support maximum biomass -deciduous: cold winter so there is potential for damage by snow and ice -broadleaf: efficient shape -temperate: describing location (neither high or low, but someplace in the middle) |
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Needleleaf Evergreen Forest |
-Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada -forest: just enough energy and moisture to support biomass -evergreen: long, severe winter -needleleaf: resists damage |
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Tundra |
-far Northern Hemisphere -if you get high enough.... -short and woody shrubs and herbaceous perennials (> one year) -low, slow-growing -limited energy -protection by snow |
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Midlatitude Grassland (Prairies) |
-midwest United States -climate too dry for biomass as trees -fire frequently favors grassland |
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Midlatitude Desert Shrubland |
-in-between mountains -no herbaceous annuals, because there is no room for them -small leaves |
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Evergreen Sclerophyllous Shrubland |
-California -small leaves -hard coating to seal in moisture -chaparrel= another name |
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Tropical Grassland |
-located near the Equator -between the Tropics -dominated by grasses -herbaceous plants more likely
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Different Life Forms of Vegetation |
-tree: single woody stem -shrub:multiple short woody stem -herbaceous: non-woody herb |
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Biogeography |
geography of living organisms |
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Air Mass and Source Region |
large mass of air with uniform temperate and humidity characteristics
place where an airmass takes on its characteristics |
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Air Masses |
cP: cold, dry, and stable and wouldn't expect precipitation POLAR mp: less cold, humid, and less stable POLAR cT: hot, dry, and unstable TROPICAL mT: hot, very humid, and very unstable (easiest to get precipitation) TROPICAL |
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Front |
-boundary between air masses |
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Midlatitude Cyclone |
-mid-latitude cyclones occur because of the jet stream, and an acceleration causing a low pressure in the upper atmosphere, forming the mid-latitude cyclone |
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Allelopathy |
-biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms |
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Soil Profile |
-vertical section of the soil from the ground surface downwards to where the soil meets the underlying rock |
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Soil Horizon |
-layer generally parallel to the soil surface, whose physical characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath |
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Soil Texture |
-size of mineral particles -sand > .05 mm -silt .002- .05 mm -clay < .002 mm |
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Peds |
-structures seen in soils (platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky) |
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What can you learn from soil color? |
-what the soil is made up of, and climate it is in -red/orange: iron oxides -black/dark brown: organic materials
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Soil Horizons |
O- undecomposed plant litter A- mineral particles plus humus E- lost something B- gained something C- nothing has happened |
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Five Soil Forming Factors |
-climate: vegetation influenced, which is the source of organic material -organisms: plants and animals plants>plant litter>humus>bascations animals break down litter and mix humus into A -relief (topography): affect water and erosion -parent material: what it is made up of? what it started as? -time: how long has soil been developing? |
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Plant Litter and Humus |
-plant litter: leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground
-humus: broken down plant litter |
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Biocycling |
-recycling of nutrients |
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CLORPT |
-soil forming characteristics |
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Physiological Drought |
-when there is not enough liquid water available because it's too cold |
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How does fire affect vegetation? |
-fires often occur in dry season and and penalize woody plants while favoring herbaceous plants because woody plants don't have as much leaves to lose |
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Tropical Cyclones |
-energy from warm ocean water -always weaker over land -no fronts -sinking air at center
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Midlatitude Cyclones |
-energy from jetstream -land and water do not matter as much -fronts -rising air in center |
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Under what circumstances is cyclone formation helped by circulation aloft? |
-pressure gradient aloft and coriolis effect causes the polar jet stream to give dynamic uplift to the midlatitude cyclone |
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How is a midlatitude cyclone "steered" by circulation aloft? And why? |
-steered by the jet stream because jet stream powers/drags storm across the the world |
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What vegetation types did we find along each of the tree vegetation transects? |
-broad leaf evergreen, broad leaf deciduous, needle leaf evergreen, needle leaf deciduous |
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What difference stands out between the two environmental influences we saw in two transects across North America? |
-the environmental influence going from the Gulf Coast to the Arctic is temperature and the environmental influence going from East Coast to West Coast is precipitation |
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What are drought-coping characteristics? |
-succulence: stems have fleshy tissue that store water in it |
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How does vegetation of mountain ranges tend to be distributed? |
-equator to poles change in vegetation; same pattern from low elevation to high elevation |
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How is midlatitude cyclone related to cold, warm, and occluded fronts? |
-as the cyclone accelerates up in the jet stream, the spinning of the cyclone is going faster and the cold front will meet the warm front to create an occluded front |
