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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Demographic Transition
A model of demographic change based upon the experience of western states. The states of the model progress from high birth and death rates through a stage of expanding population due to plunging death rates to a final stage of population stability with low birth and death rates
Desertification
The expansion of deserts into surrounding semi arid regions resulting in part from human degradation of fragile environments
Development
Many different conceptions and subsequently definitions. While some attempt to include variables such as health care and education, most definitions or classifications are largely based on economic output as measured by western institutions.
Devolution
The process where smaller regions within a state demand and obtain increasing political autonomy from the central government
Distance Decay
The breaking down of human systems and interactions due to distance
Enclave
A (often small) piece of territory that is surrounded by another political entity to which it does not belong
Exclave
A non-island territory that is separated from the larger political entity or state by another state
Exclusive Economic Zone
A zone extending up to 200 miles into the ocean in which the coastal state controls fishing, mineral, and other activities
Functional Region
A geographic region whose structure is centered around a central node
Geographic Realm
In dividing the world into subunits based on economic, cultural, and political characteristics, this is the largest scale
Geographic Region
he next smallest geographically defined until after realm
Geographical Hierarchy
An order or gradation of geographic units. For example city-country-global region-global realm
Global Warming
The recent increase in the globe's average near earth and ocean temperatures
Globalization
The ongoing reduction of contrasts between global realms and regions as a result of increasing political, cultural, and economic interactions
Green Revolution
Recent technological advances in agriculture (higher yield seeds etc) that have allowed increased output in some countries
Hinterland
Literal definition ins "country behind" The term is most often used to refer to the region surrounding an urban area
Insolation
Incoming Solar Radiation (from the Sun to the Earth)
Insurgent State
When an insurgency is successful enough to have established full control over an area
Intertropical Convergence Zone
A low pressure zone centered around the equator. The ITCZ is characteristically unsettled due to the inflow of air from surrounding latitudes
Irredentism
A policy of cultural and political expansion into a neighboring state by a state whose nationals live in the neighboring state
Isolines
Lines drawn on a map that represent data of equal value. For example Countour lines link areas of similar elevation while isotherms link temperatures
Laissez-faire
Let it be...the Opposite approach to the economy of a command system. In this system the government is very hands off and essentially leaves the economy to itself
Land Hemisphere
The half of the globe (centered around western Europe) where most of the globe's land masses are located
Land Tenure
The manner in which people utilize and occupy land. Also involves numerous ownership systems
Lingua Franca
A region's common language, often used in the economic and political sphere. A non colonial development of a lingua franca is Swahili along the east African coast
Map Projections
Any method of representing the earth's sphere on a plane
Map Scale
The ratio of a single unit on a map with corresponding distance on the ground. For example on a 1:10,000 scale one unit on the map corresponds to 10,000 of the same units on the ground
Migration
When people change residence with the intention of making the move permanent
Monotheism
Belief systems based on a single supreme being or God
Monsoon
A seasonal reversal of winds that bring heavy moisture to a region...Most commonly utilized to refer to phenomenon in south Asia
Multilingualism
Societies where multiple languages exist and even thrive
Nation
A relatively homogeneous cultural group
Nation State
A state that consists of a homogeneous Nation-very rare
Natural Increase
Population change due only to births and deaths (not migration)
Neocolonialism
The retention (after a countries independence) of the same trade patterns and relationships with the former colonial power
Pastoral Nomadism
Groups that rely economically on a system of moving livestock from herds from pasture to pasture...The Masai of East Africa common known example
Periphery
The region surrounding a Core area
Physiography
The physical geography of a place...physical features of a place. Often illustrated on maps
Place
A core concept of geography. Though there are many definitions/conceptions, the emphasis is on the whole of human environment interaction in a defined geographic space
Plural Society
The existence of two distinct cultures living side by side in a state without significant mixing
Popular Age Structure
A profile of a country's population based on age and gender
Population Density
The number of people residing in a specified geographic unit.
Population Distribution
The manner in which people have arranged themselves spatially in a particular place
Population Doubling Time
How long it will take in years for a country's or region's population to double from its existing level
Population Momentum
Built in population growth due to a population's age structure
Rain Shadow Effect
The relatively dry areas downwind of mountains that receive relatively higher precipitation due to orographic uplift
Regional Complementarity
Two regions that are able to satisfy each others needs through and exchange of raw materials and finished products
Relative Location
How a place is situated relative to other places
Relict Boundary
A boundary no longer used or recognized but whose past existence may be evident in the cultural landscape
Absolute Location
The position of a specific object on the earth's surface. Expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of Latitude and Longitude
Acculturation
The cultural modification of one group due to contact/interaction with other cultures. This process may lead as far as complete cultural modification or assimilation
Agglomeration
The process whereby people and or their activities are concentrated
Animism
An umbrella term used to describe a wide variety of tribal based religions that while often quite dissimilar from each other, have some commonalities in terms of worshiping nature's spirits and human ancestors
Balkanization
A geopolitical term used to describe the process of larger states breaking apart into smaller states, often along ethnic lines. The Balkans is one area that has experienced this process
Bioregion
A geographical area where a group of plant and animals has adapted to specific environmental conditions
Break of Bulk
A transportation point where goods are transferred from one transportation carrier to another...Ships unload goods at a port and place them on truck or trains
Buffer Zone
A group of friendly or neutral states that buffer another region or country from possible invasion
Cartogram
A map based on a thematic variable rather than scale and area
Centrifugal Forces
Political and cultural focuses such as variation in language that tend to pull apart or weaken existing states
Centripetal Forces
Political and cultural forces that bind or promote unity in existing states
Climate
The normal temperature and precipitation conditions over time of any particular place
Climatic Region
A geographical area with similar climatic conditions. For example the semi arid area south of the Sahara desert known as the Sahel
Colonialism
A system whereby one country controls foreign possessions economically and politically.
Command Economy
A centrally controlled and planned economic system
Continental Drift
The ongoing movement or drift of continents across the earth's surface in relation to one another. An aspect of plate Tectonics
Continental Shelf
A relatively shallow part of the ocean extending for hundreds of miles off of many land masses. For example there is a substantial continental shelf off of the eastern US but not along the west coast
Continentality
The impact of distance from an ocean on climatic conditions. Typically conditions are drier and season temperature changes more extreme the further a place is from the ocean
Core Area
Refers to the Geographical Core of a country or region. The core in terms of a population economic activity, and often the location of the political capital
Cultural Diffusion
The geographical spreading and adaptation of cultural traits from one location to another
Cultural Hearth
A place where a major culture originated. The source of cultural elements
Cultural Landscape
The human modification of the natural landscape. Over time humans progressively leave their imprint on objects and artifacts
Cultural Pluralism
Two or more major groups living in close proximity and practicing their own cultures, yet not mixing or combining
Cultural Region
A geographic region defined by a distinct culture
Deforestation
The clearing of forest in order to settle new land or achieve economic profit
Remittances
Money earned by immigrants in their new country and sent to their country of origin in order to support family members left behind
Secularization
A societal movement away from traditional religious institutions
Shatter Belt
A region that finds itself caught between two more powerful political cultural forces---Eastern Europe during the Cold war
Shifting Cultivation
An agricultural system based on periodically changing cultivation sites...allows some fields to lay fallow for a period of years between use
Site
The characteristics found IN a place
Situation
The relative location of a place to other places..also involves the interaction and relationships with other places
State
A territory controlled and organized by a sovereign government
Subduction
The forcing down of one continental plate under another due to collision
Subsistence Agriculture
A system of agriculture based around survival of those involved-Food grown is used by farmers and their families and not sold as in Commercial Agriculture
Superimposed Boundary
A boundary imposed over the existing cultural landscape
Swidden
Also known as slash and burn agriculture- forested areas are cut and cleared through burning to allow for a period of agriculture planting before moving onto another area
Systematic Geography
Tropical geography-the study of geographical topics rather than approaching from a regional or territorial perspective
Tectonic Plate
Large sections or chunks of the earth's crust that slowly move across the underlying semi molten material
Total Fertility Rate
The TOTAL obtained by adding the average number of births in each female age cohort together for a particular geographic area...NOT an average number of births per woman
Tribe/Tribalism
A group of families with common kinship and language that also possess a definable geography territory
Urbanization
The movement of people into towns and cities. How many people must live in a town to make in an urban area varies across countries.