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90 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Demographic Transition
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A model of demographic change based upon the experience of western states. The states of the model progress from high birth and death rates through a stage of expanding population due to plunging death rates to a final stage of population stability with low birth and death rates
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Desertification
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The expansion of deserts into surrounding semi arid regions resulting in part from human degradation of fragile environments
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Development
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Many different conceptions and subsequently definitions. While some attempt to include variables such as health care and education, most definitions or classifications are largely based on economic output as measured by western institutions.
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Devolution
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The process where smaller regions within a state demand and obtain increasing political autonomy from the central government
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Distance Decay
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The breaking down of human systems and interactions due to distance
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Enclave
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A (often small) piece of territory that is surrounded by another political entity to which it does not belong
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Exclave
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A non-island territory that is separated from the larger political entity or state by another state
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Exclusive Economic Zone
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A zone extending up to 200 miles into the ocean in which the coastal state controls fishing, mineral, and other activities
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Functional Region
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A geographic region whose structure is centered around a central node
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Geographic Realm
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In dividing the world into subunits based on economic, cultural, and political characteristics, this is the largest scale
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Geographic Region
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he next smallest geographically defined until after realm
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Geographical Hierarchy
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An order or gradation of geographic units. For example city-country-global region-global realm
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Global Warming
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The recent increase in the globe's average near earth and ocean temperatures
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Globalization
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The ongoing reduction of contrasts between global realms and regions as a result of increasing political, cultural, and economic interactions
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Green Revolution
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Recent technological advances in agriculture (higher yield seeds etc) that have allowed increased output in some countries
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Hinterland
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Literal definition ins "country behind" The term is most often used to refer to the region surrounding an urban area
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Insolation
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Incoming Solar Radiation (from the Sun to the Earth)
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Insurgent State
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When an insurgency is successful enough to have established full control over an area
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Intertropical Convergence Zone
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A low pressure zone centered around the equator. The ITCZ is characteristically unsettled due to the inflow of air from surrounding latitudes
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Irredentism
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A policy of cultural and political expansion into a neighboring state by a state whose nationals live in the neighboring state
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Isolines
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Lines drawn on a map that represent data of equal value. For example Countour lines link areas of similar elevation while isotherms link temperatures
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Laissez-faire
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Let it be...the Opposite approach to the economy of a command system. In this system the government is very hands off and essentially leaves the economy to itself
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Land Hemisphere
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The half of the globe (centered around western Europe) where most of the globe's land masses are located
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Land Tenure
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The manner in which people utilize and occupy land. Also involves numerous ownership systems
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Lingua Franca
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A region's common language, often used in the economic and political sphere. A non colonial development of a lingua franca is Swahili along the east African coast
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Map Projections
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Any method of representing the earth's sphere on a plane
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Map Scale
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The ratio of a single unit on a map with corresponding distance on the ground. For example on a 1:10,000 scale one unit on the map corresponds to 10,000 of the same units on the ground
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Migration
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When people change residence with the intention of making the move permanent
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Monotheism
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Belief systems based on a single supreme being or God
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Monsoon
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A seasonal reversal of winds that bring heavy moisture to a region...Most commonly utilized to refer to phenomenon in south Asia
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Multilingualism
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Societies where multiple languages exist and even thrive
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Nation
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A relatively homogeneous cultural group
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Nation State
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A state that consists of a homogeneous Nation-very rare
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Natural Increase
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Population change due only to births and deaths (not migration)
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Neocolonialism
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The retention (after a countries independence) of the same trade patterns and relationships with the former colonial power
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Pastoral Nomadism
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Groups that rely economically on a system of moving livestock from herds from pasture to pasture...The Masai of East Africa common known example
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Periphery
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The region surrounding a Core area
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Physiography
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The physical geography of a place...physical features of a place. Often illustrated on maps
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Place
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A core concept of geography. Though there are many definitions/conceptions, the emphasis is on the whole of human environment interaction in a defined geographic space
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Plural Society
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The existence of two distinct cultures living side by side in a state without significant mixing
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Popular Age Structure
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A profile of a country's population based on age and gender
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Population Density
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The number of people residing in a specified geographic unit.
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Population Distribution
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The manner in which people have arranged themselves spatially in a particular place
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Population Doubling Time
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How long it will take in years for a country's or region's population to double from its existing level
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Population Momentum
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Built in population growth due to a population's age structure
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Rain Shadow Effect
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The relatively dry areas downwind of mountains that receive relatively higher precipitation due to orographic uplift
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Regional Complementarity
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Two regions that are able to satisfy each others needs through and exchange of raw materials and finished products
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Relative Location
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How a place is situated relative to other places
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Relict Boundary
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A boundary no longer used or recognized but whose past existence may be evident in the cultural landscape
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Absolute Location
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The position of a specific object on the earth's surface. Expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of Latitude and Longitude
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Acculturation
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The cultural modification of one group due to contact/interaction with other cultures. This process may lead as far as complete cultural modification or assimilation
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Agglomeration
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The process whereby people and or their activities are concentrated
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Animism
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An umbrella term used to describe a wide variety of tribal based religions that while often quite dissimilar from each other, have some commonalities in terms of worshiping nature's spirits and human ancestors
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Balkanization
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A geopolitical term used to describe the process of larger states breaking apart into smaller states, often along ethnic lines. The Balkans is one area that has experienced this process
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Bioregion
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A geographical area where a group of plant and animals has adapted to specific environmental conditions
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Break of Bulk
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A transportation point where goods are transferred from one transportation carrier to another...Ships unload goods at a port and place them on truck or trains
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Buffer Zone
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A group of friendly or neutral states that buffer another region or country from possible invasion
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Cartogram
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A map based on a thematic variable rather than scale and area
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Centrifugal Forces
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Political and cultural focuses such as variation in language that tend to pull apart or weaken existing states
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Centripetal Forces
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Political and cultural forces that bind or promote unity in existing states
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Climate
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The normal temperature and precipitation conditions over time of any particular place
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Climatic Region
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A geographical area with similar climatic conditions. For example the semi arid area south of the Sahara desert known as the Sahel
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Colonialism
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A system whereby one country controls foreign possessions economically and politically.
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Command Economy
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A centrally controlled and planned economic system
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Continental Drift
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The ongoing movement or drift of continents across the earth's surface in relation to one another. An aspect of plate Tectonics
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Continental Shelf
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A relatively shallow part of the ocean extending for hundreds of miles off of many land masses. For example there is a substantial continental shelf off of the eastern US but not along the west coast
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Continentality
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The impact of distance from an ocean on climatic conditions. Typically conditions are drier and season temperature changes more extreme the further a place is from the ocean
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Core Area
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Refers to the Geographical Core of a country or region. The core in terms of a population economic activity, and often the location of the political capital
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Cultural Diffusion
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The geographical spreading and adaptation of cultural traits from one location to another
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Cultural Hearth
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A place where a major culture originated. The source of cultural elements
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Cultural Landscape
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The human modification of the natural landscape. Over time humans progressively leave their imprint on objects and artifacts
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Cultural Pluralism
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Two or more major groups living in close proximity and practicing their own cultures, yet not mixing or combining
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Cultural Region
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A geographic region defined by a distinct culture
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Deforestation
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The clearing of forest in order to settle new land or achieve economic profit
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Remittances
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Money earned by immigrants in their new country and sent to their country of origin in order to support family members left behind
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Secularization
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A societal movement away from traditional religious institutions
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Shatter Belt
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A region that finds itself caught between two more powerful political cultural forces---Eastern Europe during the Cold war
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Shifting Cultivation
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An agricultural system based on periodically changing cultivation sites...allows some fields to lay fallow for a period of years between use
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Site
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The characteristics found IN a place
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Situation
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The relative location of a place to other places..also involves the interaction and relationships with other places
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State
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A territory controlled and organized by a sovereign government
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Subduction
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The forcing down of one continental plate under another due to collision
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Subsistence Agriculture
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A system of agriculture based around survival of those involved-Food grown is used by farmers and their families and not sold as in Commercial Agriculture
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Superimposed Boundary
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A boundary imposed over the existing cultural landscape
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Swidden
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Also known as slash and burn agriculture- forested areas are cut and cleared through burning to allow for a period of agriculture planting before moving onto another area
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Systematic Geography
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Tropical geography-the study of geographical topics rather than approaching from a regional or territorial perspective
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Tectonic Plate
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Large sections or chunks of the earth's crust that slowly move across the underlying semi molten material
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Total Fertility Rate
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The TOTAL obtained by adding the average number of births in each female age cohort together for a particular geographic area...NOT an average number of births per woman
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Tribe/Tribalism
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A group of families with common kinship and language that also possess a definable geography territory
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Urbanization
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The movement of people into towns and cities. How many people must live in a town to make in an urban area varies across countries.
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