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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Heat?
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a form of energy that flows from one system or object to another becuase the two are at different temperatures.
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What is Tempurature?
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a measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of individual molecules in matter.
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What is the freezing and the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale?
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freezing= 0 and boiling=100
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How is zero degrees Kelvin defined?
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absolute zero
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What are the principal temperature controls?
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latitudinal heat balance, and sun angle and radiation pathway
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how does latitude affect the annual course of temps?
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lower latitude equals higher sun angles, and greater heat
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how do sun angles affect the temp
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higher sun angles= increased insolation= greater heat
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What is an isotherm?
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line that connects points on a map with equal temps. (shown on weather channels as colors)
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What is a Thermal Equator?
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a line connecting all points with the highest mean temps.
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Where is the thermal equator in January?
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Is located over the S Hemisphere and bends southward over the continents.
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Where is the thermal equator located in July?
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over the N hemisphere, bends northward over the continents
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What are primary and secondary pollutants?
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primary-directly emitted pollutants, secondary-pollutants resulting from chemical transformations of primary pollutants(ex acid rain)
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what are main sources of pollutants?
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transportation, fuel combustion, industrial process
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Carbon Monoxide
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sources-transportation, forest fires, volcanic eruptions. effects-dispaces O2 in the bloodstream, headaches, vision and judgement losses
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Nitrogen Oxides
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sources-fuel combustion, transportation. effects-inflames respiratory system, destroys lung tissue, damages plants
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Sulfur Oxides
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sources-fuel combustion (coal burning) effects-impares breathing, weathers monuments and buildings
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Particulates
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sources-fires, fuel combustion, industrial process, transportation. effects- reduce visibility, respiratory system problems
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VOCs
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sources-incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, cleaning and paint solvants. effects-photochemical smog
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Ozone (O3)
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sources-photochemical reactions. effects-damages plants, damages respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia)
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Industiral Smog
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source-burning coal, industrial process. "london smog"
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Photochemical Smog
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sources-transportation. "LA fog"
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Clean Air Act
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1970. identifies most widespread pollutants
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards
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sets levels that protect environmental and human health
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What is the average body temp, both C and F
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36.8C or 98.2F
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Wind Chill Temperature Index
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indicates how cold a particular temp feels given a certain wind speed
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Heat Index
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incorporates the effect of high atmospheric moisture at high temps
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Urban Climate effect on insolation and precipitation.
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less insolation and more precipitation
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Anticyclone
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High pressure
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cyclone
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Low pressure
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Average pressure at sea level
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1013mb
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what is pressure gradient?
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vertical pressure gradient and gravity in balance
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Anemometer
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faster the rotation of the cups, the faster the wind SPEED
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wind vane
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points in the direction the wind is coming from
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What is an ITCZ?
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bands of clouds associated with the convergence of winds along the equator.
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Hadley Cell
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air expands and diverges toward higher latitudes. some of the wettest areas on earth.
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What is the air at the Poles like?
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cold and dense
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Ferrel Cells
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poleward of each hadley cell. circulate air between subtropical highs and subpolar lows.
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Polar front
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weather front located typically in the midlatitues that seperates arctic and polar air masses from tropical air masses
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Rossby Wave
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upper air westerlies. cause meridional flow of warm air from s to n and cold air from n to s
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Length of rossby wave
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approx 4000-6000km
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Jet Stream (definition and location)
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narrow bands of high wind velocity in the upper troposphere. part of midlatitude westerlies.
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Land breeze
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nighttime conditions (flows from land to water)
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Sea breeze
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Daytime conditions (flows from water to land)
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Mountain Breeze
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at night (warm goes down into valley)
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Valley Breeze
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at day (warm air rises out of valley)
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Katabatic Winds
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gravity drainage winds. "going downhill"
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Mistral wind
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Katabatic wind in S France. cold air generated funneled through Garone and Rhone Valleys
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Bora wind
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N to NE Kabatic wind in Adriatic or Aegean Sea.
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Foehn wind/chinook wind
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hot winds flow down the side of mtn ranges/chinook=east side of rockies
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Monsoon
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annual cycle of dryness and wetness, with seasonally shifting winds produced by changing atmospheric pressure systems
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Ocean currents in N Hemisphere
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Gulf stream and kuroshio
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