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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

dip slip fault

relativemovement is vertical (primarily), parallel to dip

strike slip fault

relativemovement is horizontal, movement is horizontal along the fault plane, caused byshearing or tearing stress

tensional stress

pulling material apart

compressional stress

force which shortens or squeezes the rock

shear stress

one part slides over another

terranes

exotic pieces of crustal material

craton

a core of stable continental crust

aquifer

permeable sediment or rock that transmits groundwater freely

aquiclude

impermeable layers that prevent movement from occurring

aquitard

impermeable layers that hinders movement

spring

water table that intersects the surfaces resulting in an outflow of groundwater

water table

upper limit of saturated zone

saturated zone

all available pore spaces are filled with water

unsaturated zone

pore spaces have air and water

porosity

the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces

permeability

the ability of a material to transmit a fluid; how interconnected are the pore spaces

subsidence

overburden packs down sediment after pore spaces are emptied of water due to high rate of groundwater pumping

saltwater intrustion

where overpumping occurs in coastal areas, a lowering of the water table allows saline groundwater to travel further inland, sometimes leading to contamination of the freshwater zone

discharge

volume of water moving past a given point in a given time

drainage basin

total area drained by a stream and its tributaires

base level

the lowest level to which the land will erode; ultimate base level is sea level

meandering

the river continuously moves outwards and downstream as a whole system

braided

stream divide and subdivides

cut bank

outside bank is eroded

point bar

deposition occurs on inside bank

oxbow lake

meander loops eventually come back on themselves to form cutoffs, the stream becomes straighter again and the cutoff forms an oxbow lake

hydrograph

a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a fiver

terrace

former abandoned floodplains

alluvial fan

fan shaped deposits

floodplain

relatively flat surface extending to the base of the valley walls alongside the channels

aeolian

desert wind and ability to shape the earth's surface

ventifacts

side of rock facing the wind is polished

yardangs

bedrock and semi-consolidated sediments, eroded into linear ridges

desert pavement

coarse sediment is left on the ground as finer grains are blown away

pans

deflation form, shallow depressions due to removal of material by the wind

playa

large wind-eroded basins

loess

extensive blankets of silt, windblown silt that mantles the surface

barchan dune

crescent shaped dune, tips point downward, flat surface, lack of vegetation and sand

star dune

complex forms, isolated hills of sand, variable wind direction, grow upwards rather than migrating downwind

ephmeral

streams present only after rainfall events

mass balance

glacier budget, accumulation=abalation

accumulation

glacier is advancing

abalation

glacier is retreating

cirque

an amphitheatre-like valley head, formed at the head of avalley glacier by erosion

tarn

a mountain lake formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier

hanging valley

a shallow valley carved by a small glacier and thus the elevation of the valley floor is hanging high above the elevation of the valley floor

fjord

a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley

morraine

glacier melts down in height, large plain of till is left

erratic

a very large boulder that has been deposited by a melting glacier

esker

a very large boulder that has been deposited by a melting glacier

esker

long ridges of sediment caused by deposition by a river flowing within or under a glacier

kettle

small, steep sided lake formed when blocks of stagnant ice are covered with sediment and eventually melts

outwash plain

reworking of glacial debris by meltwater, fairly well sorted, mainly sands and gravels

isostacy

the weight of ice sheets causes downward flexing of the earth's crust, removal of ice during deglaciation leads to a rise in the land surface

eustasy

global changes in sea level associated with glacial advance and retreat

creep

slow downslope movement of material due to gravity



soliflucation

slow downslope movement in permafrost zones

slump

mass of rock or unconsolidated material, rotates as a cohesive unit along a curved surface

mudflow/debris flow

a flow of water soaked soil and sediment

rock/debris slide

bedrock breaks off, travels rapidly downslope

rock/debris fall

free fall of weathered material from steep slopes

mitigation

the elimination or reduction of the frequency, magnitude, or severity of exposure to risks or minimization of the potential impact of a threat or warning

angle of repose

angle at which a slope of unconsolidated material is stable

oversteepening

undercutting base by river or wave erosion or through building roads or railroads

p-waves

primary, compression waves (push-pull) first to reach recording station 6-13 km per hour

s-waves

secondary, ground moves perpendicular to the wave direction 3-8km/h

focus

subsurface area along a fault plane where the motion of seismic waves is initiated

epicenter

surface position directly above the focus

Richter scale

measures magnitude, energy released, measured by seismographs, smaller earthquakes

Moment measure

measures magnitude, measures amount of displacement along a fault zone, bigger earthquakes

Mercalli scale

measures intensity, eyewitness accounts, seismometer

tsunami

earthquake at sea causing an enormous sea wave, build up of waves when approaching coastline

liquefaction

water saturated soil or sediment turns from a solid to a liquid state