Geography 101 Test 3 Review

Front 1

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Pg. 164

Back 1

Average number of children a woman will have over the course of her childbearing years
more refined/satisfactory than crude birth rate

Front 2

Replacement level fertility
Pg. 163

Back 2

Level of fertility at which each successive generation of women produces exactly enough children to ensure that the same number of women survive to have offspring themselves

Front 3

Infant mortality rate
Pg. 167

Back 3

Annual # of deaths in children ≤ 1 year old/1000 live births

Front 4

maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Pg. 170

Back 4

annual number of female deaths/100,000 live births
from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

Front 5

Reasons for decreased death rate

Back 5

1) Antibiotics, vaccinations, pesticides to treat and control disease
2) Increased attention to sanitation facilities and safe water
3) improved foodstuff storage and distribution

Front 6

Population Pyramid
Pg. 171

Back 6

Graphic device that represents a populations age and sex composition

Front 7

High Birth Rate

Back 7

Rate > 30
Characteristic of agricultural and rural countries where a high % of female pop. is young

Front 8

Low Birth Rate

Back 8

Rate < 18
Industrialized and urban countries

Front 9

Rapid Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171

Back 9

Broad base of youth with progressively narrowing apex

Front 10

Slow Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171

Back 10

Pop. divided nearly evenly through male and female
Vertical sides
Developed and wealthy countries

Front 11

Declining Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171

Back 11

Similar to slow growth profile
Imbalance between older male/female pop. due to different life expectancies
Considered decline because marked decline in youth

Front 12

Disrupted Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171

Back 12

Specific age groups are depleted
Ex: War depleted youth
Contributes to disparity between male and female pop.

Front 13

Dependency Ratio
Pg. 171
Slide 37,38

Back 13

measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years must support.

Pre-productive age: 0-14 reproductive: 15-65 post-reproductive: 65+

calculation: [ (#P0-14 + #P65+)/#P15-64 ] x 100

Front 14

Planning for future & interpretation: Broad base

Back 14

1. need for increased food production or more homes and schools
2. need for planning more job opportunities for the young in future
3. need to implement family planning programs

Front 15

Planning for future & interpretation: Narrow base

Back 15

1. need to work out incentive to encourage more births
2. need to hire foreign workers or expand immigration policies
3. need to provide proper medical services and health care for elderly

Front 16

Rate of natural increase

Back 16

birth rate - death rate , expressed as percentage

ex:
BR: 50births/1000 persons DR: 30 births/1000 persons
RNI= (50-30)/1000 = 20/1000 = 2%

Front 17

Total Increase vs. Natural

Back 17

Natural does not include migration, total does include migration counts ( in and out )

the difference can be important in countries experiencing significant migration

Front 18

Doubling time: rule 72

Back 18

DT: time it takes for a population to double if current growth rate remains constant

Rule 27: used to calculate doubling time.
rule number divided by the rate = approx. years for doubling

Front 19

Demographic transitions: Stage 1

Back 19

High birth and death rates = stationary stage
(epidemics, contagious diseases "Age of pestilence")

HBR:
Manual Labor -
kids constituted a work force
social desire for larger families
high infant mortality rates
HDR:
Poor medical facilities
poor sanitation and water supply
unreliable food supplies
wars, famines, infectious diseases

Front 20

Demographic transitions: Stage 2

Back 20

High birth rates and declining death rates
"early expansion"- population increases rapidly

HBR: no changes in social and cultural norms
DDR:
improvements in medical care
improvements in sanitation, water supply, food..

Front 21

Demographic transitions: Stage 3

Back 21

Declining birth rates and low death rates
"Late Expansion" - population growth begins to slow

DBR: increased urbanization / modernization which caused: woman in work force, smaller families, advances in contraception methods.

Front 22

Demographic transitions: Stage 4

Back 22

Low birth and death rates
"low stationary" - natural increase in population
LBR: due to changing roles of woman
- education, working, career minded instead of family oriented

Front 23

Demographic transitions: Stage 5

Back 23

Death Rates exceed birth rates
extension from fourth to fifth stage has been limited to rich industrialized countries ( Japan, Germany, Eastern Europe)
consequences:
increased pension cost, labor shortage, elderly care, closure of schools and universities due to low enrollment

Front 24

Nation
Pg. 276

Back 24

Group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity from shared beliefs and culture

Front 25

State
Pg. 275

Back 25

Independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs
Vary from very small to large size
Small more likely to homegenize

Front 26

Nation-State
Pg. 276

Back 26

Sovereign state inhabited by a homogeneous group of people who share a felling on common nationality
Iceland, Slovenia, Poland, Korea's

Front 27

Multi-Nation state
Pg. 276

Back 27

Contains more than one nation
Often, no single ethnic group dominates the pop.

Front 28

Part-Nation State
Pg. 276

Back 28

Single nation dispersed across and prominent in 2 or mores states
Peoples sense of nationality exceeds the areal limits of a single state
Ex: The arab nation

Front 29

Stateless Nation
Pg. 276

Back 29

A people without a state
Ex: Kurds

Front 30

State Shapes

Back 30

Elongated - long and narrow
Compact - roughly circular
Fragmented - composed of islands
Prorupt - nearly compact but have extensions (Thailand)
Perforated - completely sorrounds an area it doesnt rule

Front 31

Core

Back 31

Main center of industry, commerce, pop. and political life with a diffusion gradient from the center

Front 32

Capital

Back 32

Usually in the core and primate city

Front 33

Primate City

Back 33

Country's leading city and is usually larger and functionally more complex

Front 34

Unitary states

Back 34

Countries with highly centralized governments, homogeneous culture, and a strong national identity
Capital usually associated with core

Front 35

Antecedent Boundaries

Back 35

Established before the area is well populated

Front 36

Subsequent boundaries

Back 36

Boundaries established after the area has been settled
1) Consequent - Drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences
2) Superimposed- Ignore existing cultural patterns

Front 37

Relic Boundaries

Back 37

Boundaries that no longer function as a divide
Ex: Berlin wall

Front 38

Landlocked States as a source of conflict

Back 38

Have to import and export goods by land and requires cooperative agreements with neighboring states
Potential Troubles:
Restctions: customs formalities, Tolls, High fees and storage costs placed by state, lack of control over transport

Front 39

Water body boundaries as a source of conflict

Back 39

Requires agreements as to where the boundaries should lie

Front 40

Minority Group identification as a source of conflict

Back 40

Is people of one state claim and seek to obtain a territory whose population is historically or ethnically related to that of the state but is under foreign rule
Irredentism- The desire of a state to gain or regain territory inhabited by people who have historic of cultural links to a country

Front 41

Resource dispute as a source of conflict

Back 41

Neighboring states are likely to covet the resources lying in border areas and to disagree over their use

Front 42

Centripetal Forces

Back 42

Bing together the poeple of a state to strengthen political system and integrate groups through iconography (Symbols in politics)

Front 43

Centrifugal forces

Back 43

Destabilize and weaken a state
Religion-can compete for state allegiance
Nationalism- Sub nationalism is a feeling of allegiance to ones traditional group or nation rather than the state
Regionalism- Minority group identifies with a particular region of a state rather than state as a whole

Front 44

separatist movements

Back 44

Troubled regions tend to be peripheral often isolated in rural pockets with feelings of alienation exclusion and neglect and have this in common:
Territory
Nationality
Peripheral location
Social and economic inequality

Front 45

Gerrymandering

Back 45

Unfairly favors one party over another
Fragment voting blocs
Achieve other nondemocratic objectives

Front 46

Supranationalism

Back 46

An association of three of more states created for mutual benefit

Front 47

EU Criteria

Back 47

Stable governance
Protect human rights
Functioning market economy
Civil service capable or enforcing EU rules

Front 48

EU advantages

Back 48

Large market comparable to the U.S
Single currency
Power in negotiating world trade and peacekeeping agreements

Front 49

EU disadvantages

Back 49

Individual countries lose a minor amount of control over important sovereign matters
Some states carry more costs than benefits

Front 50

Supranationalism concluding points

Back 50

Unions tend to be mostly between contiguous states with common borders
Formulation of one alliance often stimulates counter alliances
Countries don't have to be similar

Front 51

origins of city

Back 51

existence of settled community
Concentration of people
Groups not directly engaged in agriculture
Existence and governance of an elite group

Front 52

Factors of emergence in urban areas
Pg. 361

Back 52

agricultural surplus
social organization/power
Granaries, school, temples etc.
Defensible location
Development of a more complex economy

Front 53

City/Town
Pg. 362

Back 53

Multifunctional nucleated settlment including:
Estalibished central business district
Residential land use
Non-residential land use
Smaller and lex complex than cities

Front 54

Suburb
Pg. 362

Back 54

Subsidiary area specialized segment of a large urban complex
They can be predominantly or exclsively residential, commercial, or industrial

Front 55

Central City
Pg. 362

Back 55

Part of the urban area contrained within the suburban ring
Central cities usually have an official border

Front 56

Urbanized Area
Pg. 362

Back 56

Continuously built-up landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries

Front 57

Metropolitan area
Pg. 362

Back 57

Large-scale functional entity
discontinuously built up
Can contain multiple urbanized areas

Front 58

Site of a city
Pg. 363

Back 58

Exact location of a settlement
Can be described in terms of longitude/latitude and physical characteristics of a site

Front 59

Situation
Pg. 363

Back 59

Relative location
Places a settlement in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of a surrounding areas

Front 60

Economic Base
Pg. 364

Back 60

Activities people do to support the urban pop. including health care, managing stores, education etc.

Front 61

Basic sector (economic base)
Pg. 364

Back 61

activities of people that bring in money from outside the community

Front 62

Non-basic sector (economic base)
Pg. 364

Back 62

Not bringing new money (from outside the community) into the community, only for internal functioning

Front 63

Multiplier effect of economic growth
Pg. 365

Back 63

As cities add basic sector employment, it acquires people filling both basic and non-basic sector positions
Ex: In cities with 1 million workers, ratio of nonbasic to basic workers is 2:1

Front 64

Patterns of land use variables

Back 64

Accessibility
Competitive market in land
Transportation technologies available during urban growth

Front 65

Central business district (CBD)
Pg. 370

Back 65

Highest accessibility thus most desirable
Characterized mass transit, central railroads, high land values, high density utilization
Located at the convergence of central roads/rails
Scarce commodity

Front 66

Outside CBD
Pg. 371

Back 66

Land Value decline
Pop. density pattern of most central cities shows a distance decay arrangement from peak land value intersection

Front 67

Concentric zone model
Pg. 371

Back 67

Circular model 1-5 = center to outside
1) CBD
2) zone of transistors
3) Zone of independent workers
4) Zone of better residences
5) Commuter zone

Front 68

Sector Model
Pg. 372

Back 68

Activities expand outward in a wedge
Best housing found in a corridor extending from downtown to outer edge
Industry and retail develop along good transportation lines

Front 69

Multi nuclei model
Pg. 372

Back 69

Complex area with many nodes
CBD is less important
1) CBD
2) wholesale
3) Low class residential
4) Medium class residential
5) High class residential
6) Heavy manufacturing
7) Outlying business district
8) Residential suburb
9)industrial suburb