Geography 030 Quiz 3

Front 1

environmental justice

Back 1

equal distribution of environmental goods and bads between people no matter their race, ethnicity, or gender

Front 2

commodity

Back 2

an object of economic value that is valued generically, rather than as a specific object

Front 3

means of production

Back 3

the infrastructure, equipment, machinery, etc. required to make things, goods, and commodities

Front 4

conditions of production

Back 4

the material or environmental conditions required for a specific economy to function

Front 5

surplus value

Back 5

the value produced by underpaying labor or over-extracting the environment, which is accumulated by owners and investors

Front 6

relations of production

Back 6

the social relationships associated with a specific economy

Front 7

overaccumulation

Back 7

a condition in the economy where capital becomes concentrated in very few hands or firms causing economic slowdown and potential socioeconomic crisis

Front 8

1st contradiction of capitalism

Back 8

capitalism eventually undermines the economic conditions for its own perpetuation

Front 9

2nd contradiction of capitalism

Back 9

capitalism eventually undermines the environmental conditions for its own perpetuation

Front 10

social reproduction

Back 10

the process of procuring the basic needs required to keep people happy and healthy

Front 11

production of nature

Back 11

the idea that the environment is now a product of human industry and activity

Front 12

Superfund

Back 12

environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites in the US

Front 13

commodification

Back 13

the transformation of something valued in and for itself to something valued generically for change

Front 14

spatial fix

Back 14

the tendency of capitalism to temporarily solve its inevitable periodic crises by establishing new markets, new resources, and new sites of production in other places

Front 15

globalization

Back 15

an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of exchange

Front 16

anthropocentrism

Back 16

an ethical standpoint that views humans as the central factor in consideration of right and wrong action in and toward nature

Front 17

carbon cycle

Back 17

the system through which carbon circulates through the Earth's geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere

Front 18

carbon sequestration

Back 18

the capture and storage of carbon from the atmosphere into the geosphere or biosphere

Front 19

greenhouse effect

Back 19

the characteristic of Earth's atmosphere to trap and retain heat, leading to temperatures that can sustain life

Front 20

collective action

Back 20

cooperation and coordination between individuals to achieve common goals and outcomes

Front 21

Coase theorem

Back 21

externalities can be most efficiently controlled through bargaining and contracts between parties

Front 22

command-and-control

Back 22

forms of regulation that depend on government laws and agencies to enforce rules (ex:regulated limits on pollution)

Front 23

cap and trade

Back 23

a market based system to manage environmental pollutants where a total limit is placed on all emission and individual people or firms possess transferable shares of that total

Front 24

uneven development

Back 24

tendency witin capitalism to produce highly disparate economic condition and economic activity in different places

Front 25

capital accumulation

Back 25

tendency in capitalism for profits, capital goods, savings, and value to flow toward specific places leading to centralization and concentration of both money and power

Front 26

green washing

Back 26

exaggerated or false marketing of a product, good, or service as environmentally friendly

Front 27

common property

Back 27

a resource whose characteristics make its difficult to fully enclose/ partition, making it possible for non-owners to enjoy resource benefits and owners to sustain costs from the actions of others

Front 28

life cycle analysis

Back 28

analysis of the environmental impacts of a product or service from its point of manufacture all the way to its disposal as waste

Front 29

IPAT

Back 29

human impact is a function of the total population, its overall affluence, and its technology

Front 30

desalinization

Back 30

technology that removes salts and other minerals from water, especially sea water

Front 31

risk assessment

Back 31

application of logic and information to determine the risk associated with particular decisions

Front 32

risk perception

Back 32

tendency of people to evaluate the hazardousness of a situation in not always rational terms depending on individual biases, culture, or human tendencies

Front 33

risk communication

Back 33

understanding the optimal way to present and convey risk-related information to aid people in reaching optimal and rational outcomes

Front 34

overproduction

Back 34

when the capacity of industry to produce goods and services outpaces the need or capacity to consume

Front 35

monoculture

Back 35

a single crop cultivated to the exclusion of any other potential harvest

Front 36

Columbian exchange

Back 36

movement of species across the Atlantic Ocean and the resulting ecological transformations

Front 37

hazard

Back 37

an object, condition, or process that threatens individuals and society in terms of production or reproduction

Front 38

ecocentrism

Back 38

ecological concerns should be central to decisions about right and wrong action (over human priorities)

Front 39

preservation

Back 39

management of a resource or environment for protection and preservation

Front 40

conservation

Back 40

management of a resource or system to sustain its productivity over time

Front 41

genome

Back 41

complete set of genes of an organism, species, etc.

Front 42

Hans Carl von Carlowitz

Back 42

noticed timber demands exceeded availability of timber in Germany (charcoal=energy), need to lower demand or use timber more efficiently (SUSTAINABILITY), created an annual allowable cut (aac)

Front 43

Influence of Pinchot, Muir, and Leopold on sustainability

Back 43

shouldn't just be about timber reserves and profits, should set aside an entire area to preserve ecosystem

Front 44

What is sustainability?

Back 44

an object, system that can maintain the conditions of its own viability, is able to adapt to changes in environment

Front 45

Sustainable development

Back 45

development is sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Front 46

triple bottom line

Back 46

PLANET (environmental protection)

PEOPLE (social equality)

PROSPERITY (economic growth)

Front 47

modes of production

Back 47

the varied ways that humans collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive and enhance social beings

Front 48

subsistence

Back 48

environment is common property with unrestricted access

Front 49

socialism

Back 49

environment is publicly owned, resources are distributed by political system according to an individual's participation

Front 50

communism

Back 50

environment is common property with unrestricted access, wastes or impacts are socialized and resources are distributed according to the needs through social coordination

Front 51

laissez-faire capitalism

Back 51

environment is privately owned, costs and benefits captured in market price, private ownership assumed to provide incentive to manage environment sustainably

Front 52

regulated capitalism

Back 52

environment is mostly privately owned, deliberate intervention by state to protect ecosystem from pursuit of individual interests and unfettered desires

Front 53

green consumerism

Back 53

relying on customer behaviors to re-orient our production systems toward more sustainable products and manufacturing processes

Front 54

green water

Back 54

"flow", precipitation

Front 55

blue water

Back 55

"stock", found in rivers, lakes, etc., used in irrigation

Front 56

gray water

Back 56

amount of polluted water/ amount of water required to safely dilute polluted water