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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the knowledge based economy? |
Economies which are directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information. (OECD 1996: 2) |
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What is the knowledge based economy? |
An economic regime in which knowledge - intensive manufacturing and service activities become dominant, and in which the skill and expertise of workers and the innovation that this facilities lie at the heart of the success of firms, regions and national economies (Faulconbridge 2009: 401) |
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What is knowledge? |
Justified true belief, Capacity to take social action, An outcome, new product - technology, process, organisation, marketing concept. More than data and information, Accumulated information and prior knowledge, Providing skills that can be used in future contexts (Malecki 2010) |
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Know - What Know - Why Know - How Know - Who |
Facts, information Understanding of scientific principals Skills and abilities Density and strength of social networks |
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What is codified knowledge? |
Know - what and Know - why Kinds of knowledge that can be expressed formally in documents, blueprints, software, hardware etc. (Dicken 2007: 99) |
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What is tacit knowledge? |
Know - how and Know - who The deeply personalised knowledge possessed by individuals that is virtually impossible to make explicit and to communicate to others through formal mechanisms. (Dicken 2007 :99) CBD - need for face to face - geographical clusters - specialised clusters. |
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What are the proximity requirements of tasks? |
Tacit Codified Ubiquitous Stable Bureau Bureau Markets Fluid Buzz, Organised Markets Culture Networks Commodities Politics Pharmaceu. |
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What combination is required to produce knowledge? (lecture 1) |
Input of government and firms - workforce |
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What are three knowledge processes? (Lecture 1) |
Knowledge Production Research + Development Innovation Process |
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What are three output processes? |
Innovation / inventions and competence Patents, patents citations (intellectual property) Journal articles + citations - Gives ideas to others |
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Actors and scales of analysis? |
Firms, universities, public research labs, Cities, regional and national innovation systems. |
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Geography of Knowledge Economy? |
Knowledge - unevenly distributed over space (Global North Clusters) Innovative activity is spatially clustered -> proximity of tacit knowledge. Different sector cluster to a varying degree -> Car manuf. sector -> low proximity? |
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Geography of Knowledge Economy? |
Localisation of knowledge spillovers -> conflicting core location more important in creation of patents in USA. Hi Tech Clusters many more links to other firms internationally than within clusters. |
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Geography of Knowledge Economy? |
Electronic communication and period co-location - Firms temporary tacit knowledge exchange. Different types of knowledge - Specific geographies. Stickiness of knowledge and innovation. Global division of labour and global production networks. Spatially distributed process of collective learning |
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What makes up the Knowledge Economy? |
APS - Advanced Producer Services -> Servicing individuals, households and businesses. High Tech Industries -> IT Industry (semi conductor) + Biotechnology Industry. Universities (4% to 50% age cohort attend) |
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International knowledge industry definitions: |
High Tech Manufacturing Medium - High Tech Manufacturing Knowledge Services |
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Which regions spend the most on R+D? Which regions have the most Patents? |
USA, Europe, Asia, Japan USA, Europe, China, Japan |
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What was the industrial economy of the 19th century characterised by? |
Manual Production |
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What marked the rise of the knowledge economy in the second half of the 20th century? |
Increasing importance of intellectual resources -> expert thinking and complex communications |
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What has made weightless goods more important in economic production than raw materials or resources? |
Innovations in technology and communications |
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Long Term Economic Development (Jean Fourastie 1949)
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Growing Tertiary Sector (Absorbed 70% of workforce) LARGE GROWTH IN INFORMATION SECTOR KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICES RISING (Largely in USA) Rise in quaternary sector Tech innovation -> reducing routine and non routine activities. |
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Long Term Economic Development (Jean Fourastie 1949) Which sectors shrank or stayed the same? |
Shrinking Primary Sector (Decline in Agriculture) Constantish Secondary Sector (Manufacturing, Fordism in the 1950's / 1960's + Deindustrialisation) DECLINE IN INDUSTRY FROM 1960'S |
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Knowledge Economy Discourse Timeline |
Emerged in 1960's 1956 -> 1st time white collar more than blue 1959 -> Peter Drucker -> Knowldg. worker indst. 1962: Fritz Malchup -> production and distribution of knowledge in USA 1969 -> Drucker uses 'knowledge economy' 1996 OECD report - policy discourses KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY |
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Many terms used: |
Knowledge economy, Knowledge based economy, Knowledge driven economy, Knowledge society, information society (75 terms 1950 - 1984) |
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Why should one be careful of the concepts of the Knowledge Economy? |
Concept of Knowledge economy varies over time and disciplines. Be aware of who is speaking and when -> POSITIONALITY (LOL jog on GSD) |
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What are the 5 Kondratiev Cycles? |
K1: Early Mechanisation (A Phase - Up) K2: Steam Power / Railway (B-Phase - Down) K3: Electrical + Heavy Engineering K4: Fordist Mass Production K5 Information + Communication |
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What were Manuel Castells Ideas? (Castells 2000: 29) |
Information Tech Revolution -> 1970s, on one level with 18th century industrial rev. New: Knowledge + Info applied to knowledge generation and info processing ideas. New reality: different from processes of internationalisation in previous times. |
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What were Manuel Castells Ideas? (Castells 2000: 29) (Part 2) |
Only at this point in history was a tech infrastructure available to make this possible, fast transport, network computers, advanced comm. Major Tech Breakthrough: 2 decades; advanced materials, energy sources, medical applications. Tech transformations: Exponential growth Common Digital Language: info generated, stored, received, processes and transmitted. |
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What were Key Innovations in the IT Revolution? |
First programmable computer -> 1946 USA
Internet -> 1969 USA + 1989 Switzerland |
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What is a global economy? |
Economy whose core, strategic activities, capacity to work as a unit in real time or in chose time on a planetary scale (Carnoy + Castells 2001: 3) |
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By how much did the global internet protocol have an impact on the internet? |
2005 -> 2000 petabyte per month 2013 -> 40,000 petabyte per month |
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Manuel Castells Ideas (2000) |
IT Revolution since 1970's On a level with Industrial Rev of 18th Cent. Knowledge + information -> applied to knowledge generation and information processing devices. |
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Peter Burke Ideas (2000) |
All past societies based on knowledge of 1 sort or another. Problem -> how knowledge was ordered transmitted received and revised? |
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What were the critical perspectives of the knowledge economy? |
Kenway et al. (2006) Terms used uncritically, under theorised, vague, global, illusive and imprecise. Significant impact on social change -> policy changes Need to understand policy drivers of socio-econ change |
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What were the critical perspectives of the knowledge economy? |
Not seen in monetary terms -> other economies have different values. Knowledge economy haunted by alternatives risk, gift, survival which question current economic course. Challenge reductionist logic and confront underlying assumptions. Inherent instability -> related discourses remain open to something beyond itself. |
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Who are well positioned to examine a globalising knowledge based economy? |
Geographers |
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What happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century? What became of increasing importance? |
Rise of a knowledge economy. Intellectual resources for expert thinking and complex communication. |
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What was a key process regarding the development of knowledge economies in the UK? (Part 1) |
Class consciousness more want to be middle class. 70% of Uk population when asked claimed "middle class". Different to decade ago most "working class" -> Rhetoric of politicians created a discourse of working class are lazy chavs 55% middle class -> manual occupation, usually identified as working class. |
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Why was being seen as middle class beneficial? |
Good connotations, made by politicians. |
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Negatives / Danger of Knowledge Economy (Lecture 2) |
No alternatives. Possibility of some with skills of manual occupation not being used, for example being sent to university instead because of the discourse. Manual skill undervalued questions money in manual skill? |
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What was a key process regarding the development of knowledge economies in the UK? (Part 2) |
Many "lower status jobs in the service sector" No complex skills and little training are white collar jobs. E.g. call centre jobs are the new coal mines. Many jobs manual are intellectual, more white collar jobs therefore a changing meaning. More work tasks -> linked to intellectual resources White collar jobs seen as having little skill. |
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Local Buzz Advantag |
Local buzz is beneficial to innovation processes because it generates opportunities for avariety of spontaneous and unanticipated situations where firms interact and forminterpretative communities (Nonaka et al., 2000). |
