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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors affecting the coast
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Land:
Shape of coastline Relief Beach Resistance of rock Sea: Marine ecosystems Wave energy/direction Size/type of waves Tides/depth Weather and climate: Wind strength/direction Rainfall/temperature Storms and surges Human activities: Intervention in natural systems Use of land for development Exploitation of resources |
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Physical attractions of the coast
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More equable climate than inland locations
Coastal lowlands well suited to farming Fishing Scenery Leisure |
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Human attractions of the coast
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Jobs
Facilities |
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Blackpool
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Railway in 1846 cut costs/time allowing working-class visitors
1870s cotton textile towns of Lancashire began declaring annual 'wakes weeks' Popularity boomed until WWII; 4 million visitors annually Popularity declined due to arrival of competition from abroad |
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Coastal competitors
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Tourism
Heavy industry Agriculture Fishing Leisure Wildlife conservationists |
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Stakeholders
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Individuals, gorups or organisations that have an invested interest in the development or outcomes of a particular project; may be involved financially or emotionally
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Coastline
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The frontier between the sea and the land
Made up of two zones; onshore and offshore |
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Coral Reefs
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Found in shallow, tropical marine waters
Value: Support a great variety of animal/plant life Protect low-lying coasts Recreation/tourism appeal Under threat from: Pollution Overfishing Ocean acidification |
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Mangroves
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Trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics
Values: Rich in wildlife Timber provides fuel/building material Provide protection from storm surges to low lying coastland |
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Salt marshes
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Found along low coasts where boggy ground is flooded by sea water either daily or less frequently
Values: Farming Biodiversity Coastal protection Under threat because: Reclamation Industrial pollution Agricultural pollution Shipping |
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Land reclamation
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Any process by which land can be substantially improved or made available for some use
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Shoreline distortis typical patterns of land use
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Hotels/guesthouses demand sea views/promenade sites
Tourist/recreational attractions occupy key sites - Blackpool tower |
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Rapid growth case study: Benidorm
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On Spain's Costa Blanca
Over 4 million visitors a year Used to be a quiet village with local economy based on tuna fishing/wine production Fish catches decline/disease damaged vines Solution = package holiday industry based on sea/sun/sand - built new hotels/used foreign tour operators New airport at Alicante triggered mass growth in construction Developed theme parks/nightlife/water sports |
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Conflicts between land use and coasts
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Retail/industrial parks may spoil views/disrupt holiday traffic
Some industries/port facilities could clash with tourist activities Major schemes e.g. Casinos become big issues in community Local social/economic/environmetal issues will affect a resorts image |
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Case study of a threatened coastal environment: Ainsdale Dunes
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Non-native species e.g. poplar/pine are invading the landward edge of area
Visitors are responsible for tampling/habitat loss/litter/fires - around 5 millino people live within 1 hours drive Competing land uses; golf courses/forestry/recreation |
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Case study of land reclamation: Tokyo Bay
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75% of land in Japan = uninhabitable
Reclamation motivated by agriculture until 20th century Prime motivators now = urbanisation/industrialisation Since 1970s scale of reclamation declined due to realisation of vulnerability of reclaimed land to earthquakes/flooding and slowdon in rate of economic growth |
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Case study of benefits/costs of development: Dibden Bay
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Benefits:
More jobs Increased efficiency of port More money in local economy Costs: Risk of oil spills Habitat loss Traffic congstion Adverse impact on quality of life for locals |
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Case study of views of stakeholders: Dibden Bay
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Economic stakeholders (Associatred British Ports/Southampton City Council):
For Economic gain Environmental stakeholders (English Nature/RSPB): Against Environmental costs Local stakeholders (Hampshire City Council/Local Residents): Against Environmental impacts Intelligence of scheme |
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Increasing risks
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Majority of world's populatino lives in low-lying coastal areas
Some areas are exposed to secondary hazards e.g. tsunamis from earthquakes Climate change = increased hazards |
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Case study of flooding: 2004 Asian Tsunami
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26 December 2004
Epicentre off west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia Killed 280,000 Ruined infrastructure Thousands homeless |
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Case study of erosion: Holderness coast
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North-east
Caused by storm waves/longshore drift Coastline = soft glacial clays Retreat = 1.2m per year on average Erosion accelerated by climate change (more severe storms) |
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Case study of fllooding: Thames Estuary
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Tide levels steadily increasing due to:
Eustatic rise More storms Increasing tide amplitude Isostatic sinking of British Isles Tide levels rising in Estuary by 60cm per century Surge tide = particular threat Thames Barrage completed in 1984 |
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Coastal squeeze
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A process by which coastal habitats and natural features are progressively lost or drowned, caught between coastal defences and rising sea levels
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Hard engineering
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Involves building a physical structure, usually from frocks or concrete, to protect the coast from the forces of nature - used to reduce erosion/risk of flooding
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Soft engineering
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Makes use of natural systems, such as beaches/salt marshes, to help with coastal devences - can absorb/adjust to wave/tidal energy and have a more natural appearance
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Gabions
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Small rocks held in metal cages, could be stacked to build walls
Advantages: Can be built from waste materials Simple Often quite effective Disadvantages: Relatively small-scale Metal cage may fail relatively quickly If stacked cages can move during storms |
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Sea walls
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Aim to reflect rather than absorb wave energy
Advantages: Reasonably effective Used to protect valuable/high-risk property Disadvantages: Costly Foundations can be undermined by strong longshore drift |
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Cliff fixing
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Iron or steel bars are used to stabalise cliff faces and absorb wave energy
Advantages: Simple Reasonably cheap Disadvantages: Only suitable for some types of rock Doesn't prevent wave erosion |
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Beach nourishmen
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Sand pumped from seabed to replace eroded beach
Advantages: Natural looking Disadvantages: Costly May have adverse ecological impacts |
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Offshore reefs
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Mining waste/old tyres fastened together and sun - act like wave speed humps
Advantages: Cost effective Simple Can be semi-natural Disadvantages: Largely untested May have pollution implications |
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Do nothing
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Monitor the situation and let nature take its course
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Retreat the line
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Pull back setting up a new line further inland - Abbots Hall farm
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Hold the line
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Maintain or enhance the present line of coastal defence - Blackpool
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Advance the line
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A rare decision to build forwards of the present position
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Shoreline management plans
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Aim to coordinate activites between coastal authorities and address the conflicts between competing costal interests, establishing a coastal defence strategy that:
Is sustainable Is compativle with adjacent coastal areas Takes account of natural coastal processes as well as people's needs |
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Intergrated coastal zone management
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Aim to establish sustainable levels of economic/social activity in Britain's coastal areas while at the same time protecting the environment
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Rebranding
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improving a place's image and people's perception of it. helping to sell the place to a target audience
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Re-imaging
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How cities construct and promote positive images of themselves
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Regeneration
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The physical redevelopment of landscapes with the intention of promoting economic development by attracting external investment
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Focuses of rebranding
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Social - overcome inequalities/deprivation/poverty
Economic - improve job opportunities/attract inward investment Environmental - improve general environment Political - using the bid industry to generate income |
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Case study of rebranding: Notting Hill
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Example of how a movie associated with a particular area can be a catalyst for improvement
Portrayed the area as fresh and exciting Film is credited with helping to make the area one of London's most fashionable districts |
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Reasons for rebranding
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Economic: loss of dynamism in the economy/lowering of tax base
Environmental: 1960s-style planning has resulted in areas built for car/concrete buildings that are now ugly/dirty Image - vital for economic development |
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Why cities may need rebranding
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Many CBDs becoming congested, inaccessible and expensive
Loss of retailing function of CBDs to out of town shopping centres Loss of offices from CBD to peripheral locations e.g. science parks |
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Case study of countryside in need of rebranding: Coalfield communities
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170,000 coal mining jobs lost between 1984-1997
High levels of dereliction/ground contamination No tradition of self employment Lack of education/training High proportion of long-term illness |
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Why the countryside may need rebranding
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Lack of transport infrastructure
Post-production transition Changing rural economy Brain drain |
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Case study of coastal resort in need of rebranding: Blackpool
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7 million less visitors a year due to cheap package holidays
Between 1994-2005: 6% fewer registered businesses Unemployment of 10% - above average Wage gap of 23% in 2006 |
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Why coastal resorts need rebranding
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Ease./affordability of overseas travel
Decline in hotel/guesthouse trade Inaccessibility Decline in traditional fishing industries |
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Objectives of rebranding
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Improve physical environment
Improve life quality of populations Improve social welfare Improve economic prospects of populations |
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Top-down approach
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Rebranding decisions are made by authorities/agencies and imposed on people/places
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Bottom-up approach
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Local opinion is taken into account and local solutions are sought
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Partnership approach
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Decisions are made by a mix of local and regional/national authorities
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Case study of players: 2012 Olympics
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International Olympic Committee - cooperates with UK organisations responsible for delivery of games
UK Government - sets up a range of organisations (e.g. London Development Agency) who are responsible for economic regeneration/lpanning the games/building facilities London Assembly - organise the movement of 500,000 people per day during the games/influence policy Local Councils - consider/approve various planning applications |
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Case study of rebranding of coastal resort : Tenby
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Upgraded promenade/sea front
Improved retail quality/diversity along sea front Enhanced parks/green spaces/street furniture Upgraded seaside resedential areas Promoted access to places of environmental importance e.g. bird watching |
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Valorisation
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The sustainable exploitation of a previously underused local resource so that it generates wealth/employment in the area
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Urban rebranding strategies
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Using technology led enterprise to attract new investment/economic opportunities
Cafe Culture - Ilfracombe Sport as a catalyst & Flagship - Stratford Innovative architecture - Ilfracombe Culture (ethnoscopes) - Chinatown Sustainable City - London Gentrification - Plymouth Waterfront |
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Rural rebranding strategies
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Heritage Tourism - Clovelly
Farm Diversification - big Sheep Flagship Development - Eden project Activity based - Croyde Local Valorisation - Ginger piggery Festivals - Glastonbury |
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Sustainable rebranding
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Economy - economic activity should serve the common good/be self-renewing
Environment - communities are responsible for protecting/building natural assets Society - opportunity should be available to everyone to participate fully in all the activities, benefits and decision making of a society |
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Case study of sustainable rebranding: Barcelona
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Aims to increase use of renewable energy/reduce use of non-renewable energy sources/lower emissions
Could produce an environmentally sustainable city New/refurbished buildings required to use solar energy to supply 60% of hot water Annual savings of approximately 12,000 MW hours Reduction in CO2 emissions of approximately 2,000 tonnes per year |
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Case study of rural rebranding using diversification: Ginger piggery
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Food/art centre on family farm in Wiltshire
Supplies shop with home-reared meat Sells meat/food from over 50 producers within an 80km radius - promoting value of traceable/local produce Runs craft workshops Exhibits work of more than 20 local artists |
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Case study of rural rebranding using architecture: Eden project
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By march 2001 - 1.91 million visitors
Visitor numbers now 750,000 a year Tourists spend £5 million a year on site £4.3 million a year spent off site Employs approximately 600 permanent staff - 95% local/50% previously unemployed Purchasing plan has secured 197 jobs in supplier businesses - 33 local Increased vcongestion/pollution - attempts to encourage use of public transport have been unsuccesful |
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Case study of urban rebranding: Urban splash
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Claim to re-invigorate worn out areas
Involved in development of new housing First scheme: redeveloment of 6 victorian mill buildings in Castlefield, Manchester - catalyst for other regeneration schemes totalling £300 million in city Company has invested in over £500 million of buildings/85,000m of commercial floor space/£100 million of new homes Will invest in projects others feel are undesirable |
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Urban Rebranding F&R: Stratford
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2012 Olympics
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Rrual Rebranding F&R: Croyde
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Elderly populaton
Recreation (surfing) |
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Urban Rebranding F&R: Ilfracombe
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Landmark Theatre
Cafe culture Improving public transport Healthy town |
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Case Study of Rural rebranding: Cornwall
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Objective One funding
Extreme sports academy at Watergate Bay: Open all year employing 50-60 Jamie Oliver's Fifteen restaurant: 30 16-24 year olds selected each year from disadvantaged backgrounds for training South-West film studios: £5.7 million complex recieved almost £2 million Obective One funding - expected to create 200 jobs - went bankrupt in 2004 |
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Coping with pressure F&R: Westward Ho!
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Building developments
Redevelopment of village green Tourism |
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Rrual Rebranding F&R: Clovelly
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Heritage tourism
Big sheep nearby in Abbotsham Players: National trust Hamlum family Charles Kingsley |
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Rural Role of players
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International: EU Objective One
Regional: North Devn tourist board Local: Jamie Oliver's Fifteen Restaurant |
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GIS
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A geographic information system is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data
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