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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Spatial Mismatch
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-mismatch between where jobs are and where people are.
-People with less training-in city. -But entry–level jobs are in suburbs -Getting worse over time: *job growth focused in suburbs -poverty means no reliable car & public transportation is hard |
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Spatial Mismatch by the #s
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-81% of families in poverty live in city
-70% of entry-level jobs in suburb -poor w/o cars -40% jobs located w/in 1/4 mile of bus line -creates excessive commute -added time w/ child care needs |
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Spatial Mismatch:Gov't helping whites
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-Increase funding for highways:help travel from suburb to suburb
-take $ away from public transit -Promoting job growth in suburb:tax incentives, providing infrastructure |
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Strength of Weak Ties
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-Social networks helps you:
*find a job *get a job -Defined by frequency of contact: *'weak ties':ppl don't see often *'strong ties':family & friends -Weak Ties more successful:more jobs, better jobs, wider net of info, 'put in a good word' -all communities have networks -segregated communities tend to have more strong ties |
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Job Queue
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-line of ppl looking for work
-Y high levels of black unemployment? -history of discrimination and competition -Whites get jobs, hold onto good ones -blacks squeezed out of work |
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Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)
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-1890 Louisiana law required segregated railroad cars
-1892 Homer Plessy tested law, arrested, convicted -argued segregation fostered inferiority -Decision:ok as long as separate, but equal -South refused to provide equal |
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Brown v. Board of Education(1954)
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-1st fought 4 equality, then integration
-argued violation of 14th Amendment -Decision:separate facilities are unequal -Massive white resistance |
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De facto Segregation
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-Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement.
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Separation
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DON'T KNOW WHAT TO PUT
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Tracking
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DON'T KNOW WHAT TO PUT
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Racial Identity
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"A sense of group or collective identity bases on -one's perception that he/she shares a common racial heritage w/ a particular racial group"
-membership matters... -everyone develops a racial ID, some dominant, some oppressed |
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Black Racial Identity Development
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1)Pre-encounter
2)Encounter 3)Immersion/Emersion 4)Internalization 5)Internalization-Commitment |
W.E.Cross-5 stages
P,E,I/E,I,I-C |
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Pre-Encounter
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-Absorb beliefs & values of white culture
-white is better(supremacy) -negative black stereotypes -seek acceptance by whites -reject blacks -claim that race doesn't matter |
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Encounter
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-Event forces acknowledgment of racism
-social rejection by whites -faced w/ reality that can't be white -focus ID as member of oppressed group -Anger! |
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Immersion/Emersion
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-Embrace black symbols/avoid white symbols
-explore ID-history, culture -spend time w/ groups peers -separate form white peers -new ID emerging, anger begins to dissipate |
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Internalization
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-More secure sense of ID
-Less defensive, more open -Maintain connection w/ group peers -Begin connection w/ respectful whites -build coalitions w/ other oppressed groups |
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Internalization-Commitment
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-Action!
-translate personal sense of ID into a plan of action or commitment -can take on the rest of the world (learning, experiencing, and changing) from secure home base |
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Asian Racial Identity Development-Blending
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-whites increasingly see Asians as white
-some Asians claim to 'blend in' w/ whites |
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Latino Racial Identity Development
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-Latino no a race, but many races
-US Census 1)choose race 2)Hispanic or Non-Hispanic -encourage Pre-Encounter white supremacy (white skin vs. dark skin) -make coalition building easier, since already crossing boundaries |
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Indian Racial Identity Development
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-Stereotyping
*widespread caricatures in multiple forms (sports, Hollywood) *encourage Pre-Encounter white supremacy(exposure to stereotypes) *may impede Emersion if forced to encounter white beliefs everywhere |
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Arab Racial Identity Development
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-post-9/11 environment of fear
-gov't messages & harassment -white rejection made 'reasonable' -cannot deny & remain Pre-Encounter, but... -may discourage Immersion/Emersion & Internalization if portrayed as 'terrorist activity' -may be forced to stay in the Encounter Stage |
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White Racial Identity Development
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1)Contact
2)Disintegration 3)Reintegration 4)Pseudo-Independent 5)Immersion/Emersion 6)Autonomy |
Helms(1990)-6 stages
C,D,R,P-I,I/E,A |
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Contact
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-Lack of awareness of racism & privilege
-Naïve curiosity about & fear of people of color -If live segregated life, may remain here forever |
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Disintegration
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-Confront new experience/knowledge
-Guilt & shame -denial (remember 1st–6th of Seven ways) -withdrawal (from subject, from people) -Belittled by other whites (family, friends) |
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Reintegration
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-Pressure to conform-reshape beliefs to agree w/ other whites
-Anger at people of color, seen as source of discomfort (Remember 7th of seven ways) -Continue to use withdrawal, can stay here forever |
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Pseudo–independent
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-Try to abandon beliefs in white superiority
-Focus on information gathering -Reject membership in white group -Affiliate/connect w/ oppressed groups -But can’t be anything other than white |
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Immersion/Emersion
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-Try to find more comfortable way to be white
-Learn about other white anti-racists, how they have unlearned racism -Find role models |
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Autonomy
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-Newly defined sense of self=“must accept own Whiteness, the cultural implications of being white, & define a view of self as a racial being that does not depend on the perceived superiority of one racial group over another.”
-Positive state, efforts to confront racism -Easier to form alliances with people of color. -Open, expressive, ready to work |
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Contact Space
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-area in which racial groups interact in a meaningful way
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Safe Space
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-are in which one racial group is separated from another for its own benefit
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Contact Space:Whites
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-segregation important-lack of contact with people of color
-remain in stage 1 (contact) -Stage 3 (Reintegration) encourages higher segregation…so get stuck. -Segregation=development of white racial ID-psychological health. |
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Contact Space:People of Color
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-Not as clear a relationship
-Even if spatially segregated, never without link. -White privileged society means white institutions (media, gov't, consumption) -Always in contact with whiteness |
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Contact Space:Examples
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-School (elementary to high school)
-University -Workplace -Military |
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Safe Space:Whites
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White Caucus-Gathering of ppl who share experience of being white, how this effects their relationship w/ the world around them
-Be clear about self before try to understand someone else -Develop relationships with white allies -Associated with Stage 5 (Immersion/Emersion) |
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Safe Space:People of Color
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-Racial Grouping-joining w/ peers to help with stress of racism
-Supports exploration of ID w/ others in similar process -Unlearn neg stereotypes, redefine pos sense of self. -Can reach outward to form coalitions -Associated with stage 3 (immersion/Emersion) |
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Safe Space:Examples
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-Both formal (created) and informal (spontaneous)
-Conference -church -home -clubs |
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Racial Belonging
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-Black, white, and Asian men in the high-tech work place
-everyday experience characterized by level of visibility, which occurs on the body w/in a defined place. -Level of visibility:*intense scrutiny, blending, near invisibility -Occurs on body:*hair, dress, speech -Defined place:*work, meeting room, cafeteria. |
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Racial Belonging:Black Men
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-Visibility: Intense scrutiny
*Neil:under the microscope *Jeremy:Stand out, feeling all eyes -Occurs on body:Constrained hairstyle -Natural styles: dreadlocks, braids, twists -Labeled exotic *Justin:Everybody wants to explore-Labeled unprofessional *Rich:cut his hair off -Constrained dress and speech -Labeled too black *John:that’s pushing it |
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Racial Belonging:Asian Men
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-Visibility: blend and entrapped
*essentialism *culture: John:'arranged marriage' *Job: James:Asian Am. in software |
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Racial Belonging:White Men
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-Nearly Invisible
-rarely discuss white race -only 'single consciousness'=no 2 conflicting IDs -Body: free expression *pink/spiked hair, earrings, weird clothes:adds character to work place |
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Multiracial ID:#s
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-Census 2000: check multiple boxes
-7 million people self-IDed as multiracial; 2.4% of US pop -40% in west; 27% in South; 18% in Northeast; 15% in Midwest -Cities with largest 2+ pop? New York, LA -Large place with highest % 2+ pop? Honolulu -Younger more likely to ID as 2+ than older |
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Multiracial ID:Terminology
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-Biracial, multiracial, mixed
-Amerasian, Eurasion, Hapa (Hawaiian mixed) -Half–less acceptable |
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Multiracial ID:General Issues
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-Claiming place
-MAVIN foundation -Hapa Issues Forum -Some see asset, move in multiple worlds |
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Multiracial ID:Struggles
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-Forced categorization (what are you?)
-Pressure to choose -From multiple directions -Difficulty in classroom -Consequences: *Rejection *Isolation *Stress-related health problems -efforts to create multiracial community *Exoticism |
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Multiracial ID:Bill of Rights
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-A bill of rights for Mixed Folks (Maria Root)
-right to change our IDs from the ways our parents ID us. -right to ID diff than do our bro's and sis's -right to ID diff from how others might ID us or expect us to ID -right to change our ID over a lifetime. -right to ID diff in diff situations and to know we are not mixed up. -right to create a vocabulary to communicate about multiraciality b/c our language isn’t adequate. -right not to fractionalize or order to conform to society’s notion of race. -right to have loyalties and ID's w/ more than one ethnic group. -right not to want to fit in exactly. -right not to be responsible for people’s discomfort with our presence. -right not to justify our ethnic legitimacy |
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Non-racist vs. Anti-racist
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DON'T HAVE ANSWER
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Anti-racism
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DON'T HAVE ANSWER
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Sites of Resistance:Private
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-Conferences
*National conferences on race and ethnicity *White privilege conference *Common Ground -Trainings *The people’s institute *Challenge white supremacy work shop -Talks *Alan Johnson “unraveling the knot race” *Frank Wu–Hate Crimes *Christa Bell–The absence of gender *Angela Davis–Racial Justice *Malcom X |
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Sites of Resistance:Online
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-Forums
*Race talk *White anti-racist community action network (WACAN) *Yellow world -Magazines *AntiRacism net *Black commentator -Blogs *Angry Asian Man *UMR Latino *Black Feminism *Racialicious |
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Scales of Resistance
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-Individual
*Pro:can be highly effective *Con: one at a time -Community (campus, neighborhood) *Pro:potential for organizing *Con:can be insular -State or nation *Pro:involve legal battles *Con:focused, less in depth message -International *Pro:power of unity *Con:differences among racial systems |
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Strategies of Resistance
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-Perception
-Education -Action |
P,E,A
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Perception
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-Assume racism is everywhere, everyday
-Notice who is the center of attention and power -Notice how racism is denied, minimalized and justified |
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Education
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-Learn about history of racism, privilege, and whiteness, including efforts to combat them
-Understand connections between racism, econ issues, sexism, heterosexism, disability, and other forms of injustices -Oppression can be simultaneous and interlocking |
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Action
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-Take a stand, intervene, speak up
-Be strategic: decide what’s important, and what’s not -Don’t confuse the battle with the war; there will be gains and losses but doesn’t mean the war is over -never become abusive: personal attacks don’t address systemic nature of problem -Support the leadership of people of color; do this consistently; but not uncritically -Don’t do it alone |
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