Geog Exam 1

Front 1

What is a Realm?

Back 1

domain in which an individual is in power..

physical realm- geographic location--> can be strategic for country ie Europe with 90%of inhabited land and 94% world pop in hemisphere

Front 2

Transition Zones

Back 2

Where geographic regions meet (not sharp boundaries)
"fuzzy boundaries" formal and functional regions got em

Front 3

Absolute Location

Back 3

Uses a geo-reference (Lat. vs. Long.) or an address which must be a unique descriptor

Front 4

Relative Location

Back 4

Position of one place with respect to another place or set of places

Front 5

Formal Region

Back 5

Relatively uniform throughout their area in terms of an identifying criterion or property. EX political units; climatic regions; soil distributions

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Hinterland

Back 6

All other parts of a region that are not the core

Front 7

Functional Region

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NODAL REGION...definite center or node based on homogeneity in spatial interaction patterns that occur between this center ( core) and all other parts of the region (hinterland)... map with regions stretching out to included points

Front 8

Continental Drift

Back 8

This was the precursor to theory of plate tectonics-theory of a super-continental break-up (Alfred Wegener 20th century)...Pangea used to exist (one super continent all connected)

Front 9

Lingua Franca

Back 9

A secondary language used when the primary language isn't present between the speakers

Front 10

Subduction

Back 10

One tectonic plate is pushed under the other. Lithospheric material is pushed down into the asthenosphere where it becomes molten and transported elsewhere. (Causes Oceanic trenches and Volcanoes)

Front 11

What is the Lithosphere?

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LAND... Solid, Rigid layer of earth above molten asthenoshepere
It's broken into a bunch of rigid plates floating on Magma

Front 12

What is the asthenosphere?

Back 12

Near top of earth, partially molten and pliable region.

Front 13

Glaciation

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Period when glaciers spread... slow process of being covered by ice and snow
Leads to lack of soil & stretches of barren rock

Front 14

Desertification

Back 14

Transformation from good land into arid, dry desert...
Location of steppes follows location of deserts

Front 15

Climate

Back 15

Long term pattern and variation in temperature and moisture.. precipitation as well.

Front 16

What is the difference between Immigrant / Emigrant?

Back 16

Immigrant- INTO a country, They learn the accustomed patterns of behavior, language, values, and attitudes of the new society.

Emigrant- OUT of a country, Diaspora is the group of emigrants and the place they left... affect leaving place and new home..send money home too

Front 17

World Population Trends

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1) Patterns of wealth 
2) Natural resource consumption  3) Exacerbate human impacts on the environment

Front 18

What are the three distinct population periods?

Back 18

-Very long period of negligible growth (prior to 8000BC)
-Long era of slow growth ( 8000 BC to 1750)
-Very brief period of very rapid growth (post 1750)

Front 19

What are some impacts of rapid population growth?

Back 19

-effects ratio of resources available
-impacts age/sex distribution

Front 20

Culture

Back 20

Patterns of learned behavior transferred from generation to generation.
Divided into a set of technological, sociological, and ideological subsystems

Front 21

What type of effects does culture produce?

Back 21

Impacts on the environment.. cultural landscape is the modification of earth's surface by human action

Can unite or divided them during specific times

Front 22

What are the 3 main aspects of Culture? Describe each.

Back 22

Language- most important to maintain culture
Religion-underlying beliefs that are part of the ideological subsystem
Ethnicity- impacts unity and can be force of instability

Front 23

Describe the developed world

Back 23

Mainly western nations. High levels of education, employment, literacy, access to health care, low birth and death rates.

Front 24

What are the three major population clusters?

Back 24

East Asia - 1.5 billion
South Asia - 1.5 billion
Europe - 700 million

Front 25

__% of population lives _____ of the equator and ____% lives between 20 and 30 degrees N Lat.

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90
north
66

Front 26

Population density is _______... 90% of world's pop lives on 20% of land

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UNEVEN... population lies solely on natural increase

Front 27

Developed world population characteristics?

Back 27

Significant percentage of foreign born population

Front 28

What separates the developed and developing worlds?

Back 28

Brandt Line...

Front 29

In developing countries what is most of the workforce involved with? (type of activity/way of life)

Back 29

Agriculture

Front 30

The upper-middle-income countries of the under-developed world are associated with.....

Back 30

Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) of the world (rest are oil rich Middle East Countries).

Front 31

Describe the Developing world

Back 31

(Third World) – Many African, South American, and Asian Countries. Agricultural sector, low incomes, poor access to health care, education, potable water, employment and often have rapidly growing populations

Front 32

Core / Periphery

Back 32

Core is the center of a functional region and Periphery is the extent to which the region reaches.

Front 33

Globalization- "unification of the world"

Back 33

Patterns of international migration, global language, international trade, international flows of capital, regional economic integration, supranational governments & global telecommunications have led to a highly interconnected world.

Front 34

Why is globalization more than a phenomenon?

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It's a ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
Major trend since WWII- liberalization of trade

Front 35

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Back 35

International treaty that specifies global trade policies.
World Trade Organization (WTO) given authority to enforce GATT rules

Front 36

What is the Pleistocene? Holocene?

Back 36

1. The time period of the current ice age.

(An ice age consists of both warm and cold intervals.)

2. The current warm interlude is the Holocene.

Front 37

What system is used to describe regions climates?

Back 37

The KÖppen-Geiger system

Front 38

Why does precipitation occur unevenly over earth's surface?

Back 38

Uneven distribution of energy and water bodies

Front 39

Tropical Rainforest

Back 39

75-100 inches rainfall
Near 80 F yr.-round
Vegetation- broadleaf evergreen forest

Geographic location - the equatorial zone astride the equator 5o -10o N & S

Front 40

What type of soil is in the Rainforest?

Back 40

Oxisol
(Highly Leached and acidic)
Bad for agriculture

Front 41

Three forms of Humid Equatoral Climates?

Back 41

Tropical Savanna
Tropical Monsoon
Tropical Rainforest

Front 42

Tropical Savanna

Back 42

Seasonal shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone that extends poleward during high sun season & subtropical high during low sun.
5-20 N S Lat.
Grasslands

Front 43

Tropical Monsoon

Back 43

Monsoon wind pattern (seasonal shift in wind direction) in relationship to Siberian High and Afghan Low pressure systems. (South Asia)

Front 44

What is the vegetation in Topical Monsoon?

Back 44

Mixed broadleaf deciduous and broadleaf evergreen forest but much shorter than the rainforest & also has more shrubs and bushes.

Front 45

What are the two types of Dry Climates?

Back 45

Deserts and Steepes

Front 46

Deserts

Back 46

Cooler than tropical but hotter in high sun
Nights are cold and percipitation is LOW. 10 in.

Front 47

Vegetation of Deserts?

Back 47

drought resistant shrubs and cactus w/ barren sand dunes

Front 48

Soils in Desert?

Back 48

Aridisol soils , dry and low in organic material

Front 49

Steppe

Back 49

Transition areas adjacent to deserts; environmentally sensitive areas.
Hotter than tropical but lower in winter
they FOLLOW location of deserts
Primarily GRASSLANDS

Front 50

Steppe Soils?

Back 50

Mollisol soils
DARK
Nutrient rich
Most fertile for agriculture

Front 51

What are the Human Temperate Climates?

Back 51

Mediterranean,
Humid Subtropical
Marine West Coast

Front 52

Mediterranean

Back 52

Mild winters, warm summers
15-25 inches.. dry summer
west sides of continents btw 30-45
vegetation- CHAPARRAL

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Humid Subtropical

Back 53

East side of continents between 20 and 40
30-65 inch rain
vegetation- broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forests

Front 54

Marine West Coast

Back 54

Wind belt all seasons
Rain heaviest in winter
lots of rain on slopes facing east- heavy snow
Geographic location - west side of continents (most in Western Europe) between 40o & 65o except in South Africa & Australia.
vegetation- broadleaf to needleleaf

Front 55

Humid Cold (D) Climates

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Northern Hemisphere.. human continental and sub-arctic

Front 56

Human Continental

Back 56

Most precipitation is the result of cyclonic uplift.
Geographic location - between 35o and 60o in central and eastern portions of continents in Northern Hemisphere
Vegetation- prairie broadleaf deciduous w/ mixed evergreens

Front 57

What type of soils do human continental area have?

Back 57

modertly leached, gray brown
good for agriculture when forests are gone

Front 58

Sub-arctic

Back 58

Greatest annual change in temp
heavy precip in summer
northern hemisphere btw 45 and 70
vegetation- TAIGA
Spodosol soils....poor for agriculture

Front 59

What are the Cold Polar Climates?

Back 59

Tundra,
Ice Cap

Front 60

Tundra

Back 60

Very cold winter
10-12 percept winter
northern edge of N.A. and Eurasia & outer tip of Antarctica.
LOW plants, many wild flowers in summer & also bare rock

Front 61

Ice Cap

Back 61

extremely cold,
percip- 5
driest climate
Greenland, Antarctica
NO VEGETATION

Front 62

Where is most fresh water stored?

Back 62

In the glaciers of this climate zone.(ice cap)

Front 63

Europe's Industrial revolution?

Back 63

mineral deposits home to major industrial districts
Ruhr Valley and Bohemia
Coal fields and hydro electric power were BASIS

Front 64

Nation-state

Back 64

Europe gave rise to this idea

refers to cultural identity of a region

Front 65

Nation

Back 65

A nation is a body of people who share a real or imagined common history, culture, language or ethnic origin, who typically inhabit a particular area
Europe is made of many nations

Front 66

Centrifugal Forces

Back 66

UK faces this problem.

Trying to pull them apart in delegation.
Northern Ireland, Scotland, wales could pull out of the union at some point

Front 67

Centripetal / Centrifugal forces

Back 67

Forces that bind states together

Forces that tear states apart

Front 68

Metropolis

Back 68

Large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

Front 69

Supranationalism

Back 69

...the voluntary association of three or more countries involving economic, defense and political spheres
The key factor is the willingness to give up some sovereignty for the betterment of the union.

Front 70

Primate city

Back 70

Paris is a primate city of France... because ther is a highly centralized focus on the Paris region

Germany and US don't have primate cities

Front 71

Landlocked

Back 71

Surrounded by land-
Switzerland
Armenia

Front 72

Break-of-bulk

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The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.
Copenhagen has been a major break-in-bulk point where modes of transportation change (ocean going vessels cannot navigate in the shallow Baltic Sea )

Front 73

Devolution

Back 73

The delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)

Front 74

Examples of devolution in Europe

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During the Soviet period there were over 125 different ethnic groups; 21 groups have more than 1 million population... created the forces for the devolution of the Empire and Soviet Union and still threatens Russia today.

Front 75

Shatter Belt

Back 75

The Caucasus Mountain region is an example(very HETERogeneous ethnic region)
Internal and external problems

Front 76

Balkanization

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Fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other

Front 77

How did Balkanization arise?

Back 77

-Balkan and Central European countries formed from Turkish & Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Front 78

What is the best example of a shatterbelt?

Back 78

Balkans-
A zone of political splintering and fracturing because of the high variation of ethnic groups.
It is the most troubled politically and economically of all Eastern Europe.  Rapidly changing political geography- 130 yrs

Front 79

Entrepot

Back 79

A trading post (port) where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit

Front 80

Exclave

Back 80

A portion of a country's territory not connected to the main part...
Belgium has 22
Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain

Front 81

Oligarch

Back 81

One of the rulers in an oligarchy

Russian Business entrepreneurs

Front 82

Continentality

Back 82

The degree to which a specific region of the Earth is subject to the influence of a neighbouring land mass, and thus the.
Russia makes other countries subject to this.

Front 83

Tundra- russia

Back 83

borders the Arctic Ocean = reindeer herding, subsistence economy among many indigenous groups; resource exploration by Russians has introduced market exchange.

Front 84

Taiga

Back 84

Vast area of coniferous forests; 1/5 of forested area on earth
Coldest temps
70-110 growing

Front 85

What happened to the Taiga people in siberia?

Back 85

Indigenous peoples of the Taiga region were the Tungus and Yakuts but they were largely displaced by Russians in the 1600s

Front 86

What happened to the people in the Tundra?

Back 86

Indigenous ppl pushed aside and Soviet planners exploited its resources

Front 87

Permafrost

Back 87

Frozen ground under soil that majorly affects agriculture and construction
Mostly in northern Siberia.. sparsely present in central Siberia

Front 88

Colonialism in Russia

Back 88

Is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.

Colonialism is a type of imperial domination of the non-Russian peoples who inhabited the southern and eastern borderlands of the Russian Empire and who subsequently fell under the control of the Soviet Union

Front 89

Imperialism in Russia

Back 89

The creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.

ruling over other foreign countries
(Asia in russo japanese war)

Front 90

Russian Core

Back 90

1 of 4 Major regions in russia

This is the heartland of Russia from which the state expanded in the 1500s and 1600s

Front 91

Where is the Central Industrial Region ? In russia

Back 91

In the core, most populated area

Front 92

Collectivation

Back 92

Part of basic economic development planning...
to collectivize agriculture
--Created large agricultural enterprises named sovkhoz

Front 93

What is Sovkhok?

Back 93

Large agricultural enterprises made under basic development strategy of the soviets

Front 94

Distance Decay

Back 94

the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. States that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales activity space their interactions begin to decrease.