Geog Ch 9

Front 1

what refers to the vertical elecation differences in the landscape.

Back 1

relief

Front 2

what are the three general categories of relief

Back 2

low, med, high

Front 3

what describes the undulating surface of the earth.

Back 3

topography

Front 4

what is drawn on topographic maps to show ground elevations (reliefs)

Back 4

contour lines

Front 5

what order of relief is the large continental platforms and ocean basins.

Back 5

first order of relief

Front 6

what order of relief is the large continental platforms and ocean basins.

Back 6

first order of relief

Front 7

what are masses of crust located aboe or near sea level and include continental shelves beneath the ocean

Back 7

continental platforms

Front 8

what are areas entirely below the sea

Back 8

ocean basins

Front 9

what order of relief has continental features such as continetnal masses, mountain masses, plains, and lowlands; ocean features such as continental rises, slopes, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridges, subamarine canyons, and subduction trenches

Back 9

2nd order of relief

Front 10

what order of relief refers to local features or landscapes (eg indiviual valleys, mountains, cliffs, and other distinct local features)

Back 10

3rd order of relief

Front 11

what describes the distribution of earth's surfaces above and velow the sea by area and elevation

Back 11

hypsometry

Front 12

what topographic regions is: local relief less than 325 ft, slopes gently into sea on coastlines, plains rise continuosly inland up to 2,000 ft elevation; only on 4 continents

Back 12

plains

Front 13

what topographic region is:

Back 13

elevations over 5,000 ft with local relief less than 1,000 ft, except where cut by canyons

Front 14

what topographic region is: local relief more than 325 ft but less than 2,000 ft; near edge of sea may be less than 200 ft

Back 14

hills

Front 15

what topographic region is: elevation less than 5,000 ft with local relief less than 325 ft; does not usually reach the sea, but if it does, a bluff less than 200 ft high marks the boundary

Back 15

low tablelands

Front 16

what topographic region is: local relif greater than 2,000 ft, exists on each continent

Back 16

mountain ranges

Front 17

what topographic region is: discontinuous and stanidng in isolation with intervening areas of local relief less than 500 ft

Back 17

widely-spaces mountains

Front 18

what topographic region is: discontinuous, stands in isolation from intervening areas of local relief less than 500 ft

Back 18

depressions

Front 19

3 categories of of continental crust formation

Back 19

1. new crust formed in assoc. w/volcanic eruptions
2. accretion of materials that build up around the continental cores
3. tectonic mountains and landforms, produced by active folding and faulting

Front 20

what is a very old and relativley unchanged body of rock

Back 20

a craton

Front 21

where a continental core is exposed at the surface is called a....

Back 21

continental shield

Front 22

what are portions of cratons that are covered by layers of sedimentary rock and which remain relatively stable over time

Back 22

platforms

Front 23

what are massive chunks of continental crust that become attached to Earth's plates.

Back 23

terranes

Front 24

what form by accumulation of fragements of oceanic crust form the ocean floor or volcanic island chains forced against adeges of continental shields and platforms

Back 24

terranes

Front 25

what are terranes that are carried from a particular origin to a new location by tectonic movement. they have different histories from the continent they are attached to.

Back 25

displaced terranes

Front 26

what are the 3 stresses that act on rocks w/in the lithosphere and are caused by tectonic forces, gravity, and the weight of overlying rocks and cause the earht's crust to deform

Back 26

tension = stretching
compression = shortening
shear = tearing and twisting

Front 27

what refers to how rocks respond to tectonic forces

Back 27

strain

Front 28

what is bending of rock formations

Back 28

folding

Front 29

what is breaking of rock formations

Back 29

faulting

Front 30

2 structural features of folds are

Back 30

anitcline and a syncline

Front 31

along the ridge of a fold, layers slp[e downward away from the axis of the ridge, forming an.....

Back 31

anticline

Front 32

persisitent compressional forces can push folds far enough to cause them to overturn and create an.....

Back 32

overturned anticline

Front 33

the trough of a fold is.....looking sort of like a valley in cross sectionk, where the layers slope downward toward the axis if the fold along the bottom of the trough

Back 33

syncline

Front 34

what refers to the displacement of rocks on 2 sides of a fracture

Back 34

faulting

Front 35

what causes an earthquake

Back 35

when the crust breaks, the fault line shifts and suddenly releases energy called an earthquake

Front 36

the rock units on each side of a fault line are called

Back 36

blocks

Front 37

3 types of faults

Back 37

normal, reverse,strike-skip

Front 38

what fault is this: occurs where vlocks are pulled apart, and blocks move in vertically with one block sliding up (footwall block) and one block sliding down (hanging wall)

Back 38

normal fault

Front 39

what fault is this: occurs where blocks are subjected to compressional forces and forces one block to slide up along the fault plane rahter than dropping down

Back 39

reverse fault

Front 40

what fault is this: occurs where movement salong the fault plane is primarily horizontal this is similar to the motion that produces a transform fault

Back 40

strike-skip fault

Front 41

what does orogensis mean

Back 41

"birth of the mountains"

Front 42

what is a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust over millions of years

Back 42

orogeny

Front 43

what is the last stage of the orogenic cycle

Back 43

uplift

Front 44

vibrations from earthquakes are transmitted as...... through the lithosphere and through Earth's interior.

Back 44

seismic waves

Front 45

what instrument detects seismic waves

Back 45

seismograph

Front 46

which wave is the first wave transmitted and propagated by an earthquake.

Back 46

P-wave

Front 47

what wave is the wave of earth movements sometime after th p=wave.

Back 47

s-wave

Front 48

which wave travel fastest in earth's lithosphere during and immediately following an earthquake

Back 48

p wave

Front 49

what wave actually move particles within the substance or matter they pass through and cause the lateral or vertical ground movements that we feel as earthquakes

Back 49

s wave

Front 50

what are the 3 different scales for the strength of an earhtquake

Back 50

intensity, richter, and moment-magnitude

Front 51

which earthquake scale is more descriptive - used to classfy quakes according to damage top terrain and structures due to earth movments

Back 51

intensity scale

Front 52

which quake scale is the common modern scaled based on the size of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph

Back 52

richter scale

Front 53

which quake scale is an open-ended, log scale on which each whole number on the scale reps a 10x increase in the size of the wave.

Back 53

magnitude