Geog 350 - Post Midterm - Class 2 (Socialist)

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The Swan House in Brussels

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Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels met to draft the notes for an essay that became the Communist Manifesto. The Manifesto gave voice to a growing international movement that sought to challenge the stark inequalities of industrial capitalism: never before had the world seen such wealth, and never before had the world seen such inequality and impoverishment of people whose only way to survive was to sell their labor-power. The 1848 Manifesto was published just before a wave of revolutions across Europe, and later that year, Brussels leaders felt it most prudent to banish Marx and Engels from the city.

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socialism

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- The word comes from the French socialisme, to describe the political climate of the French Revolution of 1789-1793

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French Revolution of 1789-1793

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inspired by demands for universal suffrage and full rights of participation in government -- a challenge to the established order of royalty backed up by the authority of the Catholic Church.

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The meanings and realities of “socialism,” therefore, were contested from the onset...

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As was mentioned above, it is claimed that the revolution was inspired by ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité, however; the seizing and maintenance of power against the established order of rolyalty was, in reality, authoritarian and militaristic -- and the old inequalities of feudalism were replaced by new inequalities based on property rights that betrayed the intentions of socialism.

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The common theme of socialism

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a desire for alternative ways of life with greater cooperation and equality rather than individualism, competition, and inequality. Yet the past two centuries have created a plurality of socialisms

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plurality of socialisms

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-Libertarian socialism,
- Christian socialism,
- Democratic socialism,
- Eco-socialism,
- Scientific socialism,

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Libertarian socialism (Or Anarchism)

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rejects the legitimacy of state authority

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Christian socialism

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seeks to restore religious institutions to the original radicalism of Jesus

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Democratic socialism

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tries to build popular support and alliances of workers in unions for incremental change

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Eco-socialism

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maintains that social justice cannot be achieved without ecological justice

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Scientific socialism

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is how Karl Marx described his theory of the dynamics of capitalism

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Certain individuals worked across multiple categories of socialism. Once such person was J.S. Woodsworth

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He was a Christian socialist and was an ordained Methodist minister who worked with the poor in Winnipeg’s North End, before receiving a pastoral posting in Gibson’s Landing, BC, in 1917. He resigned from the Church in 1918 because of its support for the War, and then became active as a democratic socialist, serving as the first leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, established in 1932 in the crisis and poverty of the Great Depression.

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Geography’s history

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has always been defined by power and resistance. The expansion of geographical knowledge has always been bound up with imperialism and colonialism, ever since the days of Strabo’s support for the Roman empire. But wider geographical knowledge brings new ways of thinking, which can be deeply subversive.

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In relation to the history of Geography, the anarchist geographer Piotr Kropotkin (1842-1921) said...

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“the duty of socially-concerned scientists lay in articulating the interests of subordinate social classes and combating poverty, underdevelopment and social justice.”

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Urbanization has always involved actual or potential revolutionary change...

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Since the “urban revolution” of Mesopotamia -- and perhaps much earlier -- one essence of the urban has been defined by density, heterogeneity, and divisions of labor involving political questions of how to allocate an economic surplus. Large, dense concentrations of heterogeneous populations under conditions of increasing inequality enhance the appeal of philosophies and social movements advocating alternative ways of life, cooperation, and equality.

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The emergence of modern, “scientific” socialism

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