Geog 350 Final

Front 1

Suburbs

Back 1

Politically independent municipalities located outside the city’s corporate boundaries, but economically tied to it

Front 2

Streetcar Suburbs

Back 2

Initially suburbanization preserved the very rich, but then increasingly the middle class

Value of nature important

Led to strip development and commercial ventures around termini

Front 3

Automobile suburb causes

Back 3

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Demobilization of servicemen and women after WWII followed by baby boom

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Exponential rise in automobile ownership from 1945-1985 and associated highway system with intra city beltways

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Government programs – Keynesian suburbs

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Fordism inside and outside the house

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Social Change – switch to leisure/comfort

Front 4

Automobile suburbs are different from streetcar suburbs

Back 4

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Urban spawl

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Planed suburbs became homogeneous and interchangeable

* Unique commercial morphology: strip development

Front 5

Urban form since automobiles

Back 5

* three broad phases
* a phase of suburban infill
* the overall pattern of settlement no longer tied to the finger shaped corridors of transit lines reverted to a more symmetrical shape

* a phase of suburban sprawl and economic decentralization

* the decentralization of offices and hops caused CDB office and retail zones to become appreciably more specialized, catering to the upper end of the market with high order goods and services.

* a phase of postsuburban development consisting of clusters of central cities and edge cites in a highly fragmented matrix of lower-density land use

* galactic metropolis

* land use types seen together resemble a galaxy of stars and planets

Front 6

The 20th Century: the city as a moral wasteland
Who revitalized it?

Back 6

Moral reformers: Jane Addams - settlement houses
Business Philanthropists - George Cadbury, Titus Salt

Front 7

Modernism

Back 7

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Function over form

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Bauhaus movement

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Le Courbusier – building upwards, collective living

Front 8

Post Modernism

Back 8

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People sized

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Rejection of the universal

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Personal

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Ironic attempt at pre modernism

Front 9

3 types of post modernism

Back 9

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Kitsch Revivalism

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Orientalism

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Neo-vernacular (regionalism)

Front 10

William Kirk

Back 10

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The behavioral environment is encompassed by physical facts (phenomenal environment)
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Filters
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Socio-economic

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Ethnic

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Gender






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Front 11

Kevin Lynch

Back 11

Mental maps
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5 elements
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Paths – channels along which people move

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Edges – distinct breaks

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Districts – neighborhoods immediately identifiable

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Nodes – strategic focal points

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Landmarks – human and natural

Front 12

Florence Ladd

Back 12

African American children
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Shows not only what you perceive but how you feel about a place

Front 13

Extreme affects toward urban places

Back 13

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Topophobia

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Topophilia

Front 14

Edward Relph

Back 14

Placeless vs place

Front 15

Placeless places

Back 15

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Other directedness – tourism

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Homogeneous international design – Van Airport

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Formalism and Giganticism

Front 16

Authentic places

Back 16

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Deep history

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Long standing sense of community

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Rootedness of a people in a place

Front 17

4 models of urban social areas

Back 17

1. Chicago school concentric
2. Sector Model
3. Multiple Nuclei Model
4. Factoral Ecology

Front 18

Chicago School Concentric Model

Back 18

(Park, Burgess, McKenzie)
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Two forces: Force of nature (Darwinian) and force of culture (economics)

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Circular 6 zones
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1. CBD

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2. Factory zone

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3. Zone in transition

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4. Zone of workingman’s homes

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5. Residential zone

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6. Commuter’s zone

Front 19

Criticisms of Chicago model

Back 19

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No observable sharp breaks across zones

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No natural social order

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Invasion and succession is not inevitable
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Racial discrimination

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sentiment

Front 20

Sector Model

Back 20

(Hoyt)
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Residential segregation of class/ethnicity takes form of wedges or sectors not concentric rings

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Distance and direction (push and pull)
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Pull – high ground, transportation routes

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Push – low ground, industrial activity

Front 21

Multiple Nuclei Model

Back 21

(Harris, Ullman)
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Rather than a single centre the city is fragmented into scattered land use patterns (historical or planned)

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Reasons for fragmentation
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Different activities have different locational requirements

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Locational forces of agglomeration

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Special space requirements of some activities

Front 22

Factorial Ecology

Back 22

(Sweetzer, Berry)
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Factor analysis – employing computer and data analysis of factors to find patterns
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Factors
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1. Socio-economic status – sector model (Hoyt)

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2. Family status – concentric model (Chicago school)

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3. Ethnic status – multiple nuclei model (harris/ullman)

Front 23

Conclusions of models of urban social areas

Back 23

* each of the models and approaches reflects the historical and geographical context in which it was developed
* concentric model (one city with homogeneous landscape and streetcar city)
* Sector model (many cities, topographic variations, but still streetcar cities)
* Multiple nuclei (automobile cities)
* Factorial ecology (computerization and science)
* Models tell you as much about the place in which they were constructed as the place in which they were applied.