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127 Cards in this Set

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New Urbanism
efficient use of infrastructure and land that is economically health. Maximize use of space practically for public spaces and civic facilities that creates socioeconomic diversity, a community, integration of industries and areas, and is sensitive to the environment
Origins of New Urbanism
Anti-Planning Movement of the early sixties in a time so social and civic unrest, and failed urban renewal
Robert Fishman
part of the anti-planning movement who had ambitious plans that failed and were more damaging because they did not meet the minimal standards even
Pruitt-Igoe Towers
St. Louis Missouri 1954- destroyed in 1972. created by Fishman, and were supposed to be amazing, but no one was watching them....(elevator example)
Jane Jacobs
taught people how to look at cities in intensity and diversity and that planning could not take into account everything- "The Death and Life of Great American Cities"
Vigilante Planning
Richard Sennet in "the Uses of Disorder" preached conflict and disorder as part of society and the elimation of planning and keep in local control
Generica: Why get rid of post war suburbs?
-ineffcient, energy intensive, reliance on auto
- bad for surface runoff
-lack of diversity, social isolation
-cookie-cuter surburban area vs New Urbanim
Sustainable Development
Instead of transforming greenland into one single subrub, use same are to create diff types of space (ex. Turner Property In Tenessee)
Examples/Specs of Sustainable Development
build around trees/wildlife
more regulation
preserve open space and protect environment
redevelop neighborhoods
reduce dependency on car
innovative urban design and zoning
create greater sense of community
Describe a Neighborhood in The Town or City
Walkability/connectivity, mixed up use of diversity and density, mixed income housing, traditional neighborhood strucutre, quality of life, smart ransportaiotn, sustainability, Housing Standards
Principles for Private Buildings
Aligned and close to streets, front porches and balconies to create interactions, defined property line, vehicle storage (can't leave bins and cars in front of house), architecture corresponds to climate, clear distinctions between public and private)
First NU Development
Seaside Flordia, very successful and emulated-- Bois Franc, Ville Saint Laurent (townhouses, co-ownershpis houses, condos, single familiy)
What do we do with Suburbs if we have to Redevelop?
Redurbia, or Suburban Sprawl Repair---main stret, make it pedestrian Accessibile, waterfronts. types of housing
Why isn't NU everywhere?
requires a change in development codes, institutional bias (developers banks builders), citizen opposition
Critiques of NU
- is it new
-assues we can design behavior and relationships
-still creates sprawl, does it create community
- maintain social cultural and economic divisions
- superfical protection of environment
RIght Brain City
Academy of neuroscience for Architecutre: The Human repsonse to the built environment
Bois Franc in Ville St Laurent
owned by Bombardier, 17% is green space with less than 20,000 trees, bike paths, daycares, home for elderly, intense architectural standards
Misconceptions on the Globalization of Citites
- it is new: processes taht define globalization began a few centures ago
- it makes everything the same: ideas/products/ppl move faster but differences still mater, even same products are marketed and consumed differently
- it's bad: stand-in for capitalism, associated with rapid capital mobility, loss of jobs
Working Definition of Globalization
Nigel Thrift- "the process by which the world's economies,s societies and cultures are becoming more closely intertwined"
Peter Hall
"The World Cities"= hence The Global City
- focus on how to deal with population and economic growht while matinatin a vital city, believed there were certain cities where most important business of the world was located
Saskia Sassen
1991- global cities as comand centers in globlized conomy
- result of globalization's simultaneous dispersal and centralization of economic activities
central control and managment
Sassen's theory
-ex. London, tokyo, NYC as the big three global cities
- cities play a growing role in world economy, politics and population do not
Why does dispersla/clustering happen?
-close to other coproratoins in own sector
- access to information, economics of scale, global accessibility, prestigious location, cosmopolitan rep
John Friendman
"the World City Hypothesis"- believed like Sassen that there were 'key cities' the world was based around their markets BUT made a world city hierarchy with rank ordering based on nature of integration with world economy
-failed to explain relationship btwn these criteria and global urban hierarchy
Friendman's World City Criteria
-major financial center
-HQ for multinational firms
-international institutions
-business services
-important manufacturing centre
-major transportation node and population size
Globalizatoin and World Cities Research Group
GaWC: created in '98 by Peter Taylor and Beaverstock at Loughborough University
-empiraclly ground our understanding of the relatipnships btwn global cities
GaWC matrix
comprised of HQ and subsidiary locations of 100 leading accountancy, advertising, insurance, law etc.
alpha cities
have strongest interactions with each other---there also beta and gamma cities
critque of the theory World Cities
- much of the reasearch on WC fail to capture the processes of global ugan change
- misses a lot of hte socila/political processes of globalaztion
- misses the range of ways we think about cities as global, seen only as control centers
- bias towardshierarchy, finding cities and categorizing them, used as a status yardstick ot measure other cities in terms of econmy
- bias towards large metropolisies in the developed world, as they overlook smaller cities in teh develped world
- economistic- global ruab systems theory privileges transnational practices in the economic sphere above those in the political or cultural
Measuring 'Globalizing' Cities
- the "cityness"
- measuring and deconstructing globalzatoin
--cities as processes of globalizatoin vs measures of global cityness
-city as area vs city as impacted
becoming global vs being global
Percentage of Global Population that is Urban
about 50 %
Where were the significant urban populations in 1890 compared to 1990?
1890- only Western Europe
1990- most of NA, SA, Midd east, China, Australia, Euro
Four Eras of Urban Development
Mercantile Era (1790-1845)
Early Industrial Capitalist (1845-1895)
Industrial Captialist (1895-1945)
Mature Indsutrial Capitalist (1945-)
Mercantile Era (1790-1845)
- eariest global urnan network with acccumulation of wealth through trade
- colonial expansion with Europe linked to the rest of the world
foreign trade= chief method of increasing mational wealth any increase in weialth of one natoin is a expense of others
- creation of well-developedurban pattern in the core
-emyrbonic urban framework in periphery except at points of contact of exporting
Early Industrial Capitalist (1845-1895)
- production increased by mechanization
- concentration of production promoted dense urban growth, particularly with the UK
-small country, relatively high population
- changed little beyond UK, although had spread to adjacent parts of NW Euro and NA by '90
- colonial expansion: large market for local manufacturing
Steps in Development of Urbanism
-Exploratoin
harvesting of products w/o permanentsettlement
some settlers create colonial cities
localized internal trade &manufacturing network in colony, main links with mother country
The First Industrial City
Manchester
Industrial Capitalist (1895-1945)
- US was the center, ex. Detroi
- ex. Fordism
- created the blue coolar jobs
- - global perphery still source of raw materials
-core= area of development, rest of world realtievly unaffecterd
Fordism
mechanized production, mass consumption, met demand, created new demand
- created the 'blue collar' jobs
Mature Industrial Capitalist (1945-)
decline in manufacturing worldiwde
- in '95 there were 172 mill manufacturing jobs, in 2005 150 mill
- a post-fordist or post-indsturial capitalism era
- transnatoinal manufacturing
The "global shift"- Peter Dicken
movement of indsutrial employment from the cities of the develped world to shoe in the developing
Transnattional Manufacutring
global capitl can move around the world
ex. Nike- manges but does not make producs in North American offices
International Division of Labor
came in the Mature Industrstiral Capitalist Era, where devloping ocuntries had a concentraioto of mass labor tasks, and the developed countries had a concentratoin of mgmt, organization and deisgn work
Four Economic Sectors
Primary: farming, fishing, mining etc
Secondary:manufacturing, transforming raw materials into goods
Tertiary: services
Quternary: non-routine information processing, research &development, higher educatoin
% of CAN population in Urban areas
80%
Where is the majority of CAN economic activity centered?
urban areas, in largest cities
Economic Sector Trends in Canada
Early: reliance on primary
Mid-Century:shift towards secondary and decline of primary in terms of % of total economic activity
20th Century: rise of teritary, dominant from 70s on
Recent: professionalizatoin of the workgorce with increase in % of white collar workers by double= growth in quaternary
Upskilling
Change in Nature of work- brawn to brains shift to information/knowledge economy
- manual labor being repalced by metnal work (creativiy, service cpatial goods, increasing mechanization in manufacturing)
- creates a dichotimized job market= more partime, self-employed, less traditional, stable fulltime, good jobs vs badjobs
--canada has experienced
Upskilling in Canada
- '76-'01: emplyment grew by 109% in Metro areas and 80% in rest of CAN
Specific Cities
Ottawa/TOR/Calg- increasing share of high-tech
-city govt try to foster sort of ecnomic activity
RIchard FLorida
Creative Cities:
-"creative people powerurban and regional economic growth, and the ppl prefer palces taht are innovative, diverse, and tolerant"
- Identified the "creative class"
Creative Class Types
-Super Creative Core: scientists, engineers, poets, professors, archiects etc
-Creative Professionals: knowledge-intesnive industires like law, health etc.
Three T's of Growth
Talent
Technology
Tolerance
Creativity Index-
'Talent" index:
percentage of populatoin >18 with a BA or above
Creativity Index-
'Tech Pole" index:
concentration of high tech indsutry (software, biomedical. . .)
Creativity Index-
'Bohemian" index:
concentartoin of thos ein artistic and creative occupations
Creativity Index-
'Mosaic" index:
diversity
Economic Sector Trends in Canada
Early: reliance on primary
Mid-Century:shift towards secondary and decline of primary in terms of % of total economic activity
20th Century: rise of teritary, dominant from 70s on
Recent: professionalizatoin of the workgorce with increase in % of white collar workers by double= growth in quaternary
Upskilling
Change in Nature of work- brawn to brains shift to information/knowledge economy
- manual labor being repalced by metnal work (creativiy, service cpatial goods, increasing mechanization in manufacturing)
- creates a dichotimized job market= more partime, self-employed, less traditional, stable fulltime, good jobs vs badjobs
--canada has experienced
Upskilling in Canada
- '76-'01: emplyment grew by 109% in Metro areas and 80% in rest of CAN
Specific Cities
Ottawa/TOR/Calg- increasing share of high-tech
-city govt try to foster sort of ecnomic activity
RIchard FLorida
Creative Cities:
-"creative people powerurban and regional economic growth, and the ppl prefer palces taht are innovative, diverse, and tolerant"
- Identified the "creative class"
Creative Class Types
-Super Creative Core: scientists, engineers, poets, professors, archiects etc
-Creative Professionals: knowledge-intesnive industires like law, health etc.
Three T's of Growth
Talent
Technology
Tolerance
Creativity Index-
'Talent" index:
percentage of populatoin >18 with a BA or above
Creativity Index-
'Tech Pole" index:
concentration of high tech indsutry (software, biomedical. . .)
Creativity Index-
'Bohemian" index:
concentartoin of thos ein artistic and creative occupations
Creativity Index-
'Mosaic" index:
diversity
Creative Index
Explains 1/2 the growth in CAN from 96-01.
Top Three Creative Cities in CAN
Calgary, Toronto, Halifax
Traditional Explanations for City Growth
- access to resoures
-transporation no longer the primary factor
-amentites that citeis can rpvodie
Critiques of Creative Cities
-Emprical Inaccuracies: locational/cultural/political prefercnes of people working in the arts differ greatly from those in the profess categoreis (engineers)
- Politcal/Social Equity: elitiest homegenizing idea, graring urban space&policy towards mid/upper classes Concners
- Recall: service economy is dichotomized
-implausability: may not be realistic, sustained urban growth requires a diversified econ
-
'Made in Brooklyn' Video
- govt shifted policy to benefit service sector
- unemployment is up among populations traditionally emplyed by the industiral sector
-diversity of economy is important
-avg manufacturing job generates 3x as many scondary djobs as a service sector (which pays more)
-end of 19thc: Brooklyn is an importnat mnufacutring center (more than 1/2 sugar prdocude in US)
Where has manufacturing moved to? 'made in brooklyn'
out of cities. . .
- accessible by interstate highways where large horizontal plots are vailable and offshoring of labor
Major Critique of Global Cities Paradigm
leaves out cites in devloping world BUT urban growth is happening disproportinaltely in tehd eveloping world
Is there still a '3rd World'?
Cold War Term:
1st: Western Capitalist
2nd: Soviet Bloc
3rd: everything else
-former colonila countries formed non-alliance movement and called themselves a 3rd world countr- carries assocaition of peoverty
- 1970s saw OPEC ounties grow economically and created more fragemented definitoin
NOW - The Global Norht vs Global South
Mega Cities
Worlds cities taht have grown the most rapidly, most found in the developed world
- defiend as cities w more than 10mill population
- no longer a correlatoin between size and wealth
Meta-Cities
UN habitat-- >20million
results from high level so of rurual urban migration
Urban Primacy
Mark Jefferson: city in a developing city that emerges as larger than the others.
- allows for self-sustating growth and attracts economic and political functions
- considered 'primary' when twice the population of the next largest city
-ex. Cairo, Nariobi, Paris, London
- more common in the devloping world
Where is primacy more prevalent?
In developing world.
- Bangkok (Metropolitcan area)example
-14% of countries pop
30 of natoinal icnome
1/2 of all physicains
2/3 of all banking services
more than half the univerites
- overcorwing, pollution, conjegestion
- political unrest: rural protests last eyar where leader had comapiged on a platform of soloing problem of primacy but overthrown by coup
Slums
distinct and dominant form of settlement of mega cities in developing world where there is insufficent urban infrastructure to meet demands of rising population
very dense
Has the "global shift" been infact global?
No, waged work has been slower than their overall grwoth, colonial legacies led to unbalanced urban structure (eg unemplyment, poor housing\)
- not all countries go thru urbanization
What is the most important area/destination of migrants?
Cities
Immigration Numbers
- about 200mill international immigrants in 2007
- 3% of worlds population
- doubled over past 25yrs
-
international immigrant
person living outside the country of their birth
streams of migration
temporyar, business etc.
geography of international immigration
-most ppl stay within itheir home country
- uneven geogrpahic
Urban Growth in Canada is almost all_____
external migration
Large flows of immigration contribute too. ...
1. large increase in ruban desitationas or immigrant "gateways"
2. economic growth due to flow of foreign labor
3. challagens with inclusion/eclusion
Are 'global cities(cities with over 1mill foreign born residents)' and immigrant destinations the same?
No, 16/19 are global cities, but the 3 of the largest immigrant desitnations are abstent (Dubai, Jidah, Riyadh)
- none in Africa or Latin America
What is immigration like in cites with greater than 100 000 foreign born residents?
- over 30 euro cities
- 42 in NA including Torotno, Canvouver, MTL, in Canada
- fewer in Asia and Latin AMerica
- only two in Africa
Types of Immigrant Cities (3)
Hyperdiverse global cities: (NYC, London, Toronto), not just high in proprotion of immigrants but also high in diversity, from nearly every country of the world, whenn global cities are immm desitations they tend to be this
non-global gateways: (Ottawa, Perth) high proportion of immigrants, high diversity, but not yet global
by-passed global citites: (Tokyo, Mexico City) global cities yet without significant immmigrant populations
Are important immigrant cites automatically viewed as globally importnat?
No
What are the link of immigrant workers?
transnational immigrant networks form links from global cites to global cietes and to the econoimc periphery
'Even in Canada' author?
Smith and Ley
What was "Even in Canada" about?
-CAN seen internationlly as successful example of immigrant integration
- place matters in imigrant social and economic integration as an increase an association of immigration and poverty ensues
- increasing earnings penalty of immigraants despite their risking skills
- increase in discriminatoin due lang and accent barriers
-
what were "places of stigma" or "neighborhoods of hope" in 'Even in Canada'?
relatoinship btwn immigrant populatoin and poveryt level but htere is not a necessary relatoinship, people in poor hooods are not just victims
The Modern City represents a regressive encroachment of the synthetic on the natural, the inorganic on the organic, or curde, elemental stimuli on variengated wild-raging ones
m. Bookchin
Batam
Film in Indonesia of those in slums.
-Indonesian Island, 35 yrs ago had 3000 ppl now has 600 000
- much of Singapores industry has shifted there
-economy of the day: indsitry, economy of the night: sex work
-both depend on singapores captial, labor force is feminzed
Relationship between Cities and Nature
evironmetnal theory hasl ikewise neglected urban environments, cites and nature now generally seen as intertwined
- urban theroy failed to account for physicall natural processes, now recognize that urban processes drive many environmental issues
City as Ecosystem
Physical Geographers study teh city as an ecological system with measurable envrironmetnal inputs and outputs
Urban Political Ecology
environmental processes are filterd thru social arrangements made by political and economic differences
Politically speaking, issues with social injustices can be linked to
urban sustainability and environmetnal quality
"Metropolitics and Metabolics: Rolling out environmentalism in Toronto"
examined political context for environmetnal policies in Toronto.
- changes in material flows in urban fabric accompanied by changes in social regulation of these flows
- argues that quantification of "urban metabolism" not siffucient
Inequality btwn Cities (CC: Sassen and Friedman)
-inequalities btwn cities because of globalization
-slums and gate communites as socio-spatial indaictors of inequality
-"creative" cities als tend to be inequal
-within cities of the global south, gap b/w rich and poor widens
I am Gurgaon: The New Urban India
about a village that has grown into a city of 1.4mill inhabitatns
-how viable is the growth?
- college grads will probs end up here or in Bombay
- expansion from Delhy-> caters to young urban mobile
- the servant movie- all about repuation
- developed customized for mulitnaoitnals
-huge discrepancy in income-Nirvana's (gated community) Villas cost $650 000, construction workers nearbymake $3/day
Reading: Armed Compounds and Broekn Arms
- gated communites in Canada and Israel, explores the way taht gated lanscapes are culturally reproduced
- globally: desire for exclusivity, prestige, protection from encounters with others
-Canada: tension with ethos of diversity and tolerance-- "in the CAN context the wallas and gates rep a social and spatial disjuncture w the past. they signify a new status for urban elites"
- Israel: legacy of enclosed, segreagated and guarded communiteis- "the gates and walls signify continutiy with the past as they mask from view the development of new status elites"
How to create a Global City
Projects (trying to make the city "open for business)
- redevelopment projects
-large scale infrastructure upgrading
-hosting/bidding for higih profile internatioanl events
-tax incentives
- nurturing of cosmopolitican cultural events
Reading: Kuala Lumpur's Petronas Towers by Tim Bunnell
- skyscrapers associate with modernity and corportae power
- geographical shift of the worlds tallest bldgsfrom US to mostly Asia
- Bunnel argues that the Towers cant be understood merely as a function of land values
-argues symbolic gateway into the new economic opportunites of the developed world,
"envistioning Malaysian modernigy..its to be understood as part of a state imperative of transforming the imaginatoin of citizens to inspire natioanl modernizatoin"
MTL as a world city?
Darel Paul 2004- "once the largest metro area in CAN, and countrys econoimc/cultural hub. its corporate and sate elites have struggled to reimagine and reconstruct the city over the past 25yrs
- it has been a "living lab" of Imagineering since 60s
Jean Drapeau
MTL maor from 50s to 80s who helepd develop hughe projects of global improtance (Olympic Stadium, man-made islands in St LAwrence, Exp &Olypmics)
- many were grandiose and not well thought out, pointless
Drapeau's argument...
- we need things like the Expo and Olympics because the create spirtual value and inspire
- his social base was mostly of small business owers, some anglo developers
Drapeau in the 80s
- taxpayers fed up and did nofeel the "spirt of life and color"
- extensive cost overruns
-cigarett tax is perpetuity to pay for staidum
- intense political oppostion from both social democrats (supporters) and the rising franco business class
Re-internationalize MTL
- largest Franco companis go transnational with QC aid
- public-private organizatoin "montreal INtenrational" emreged in 96
- emphassis on symbol as well as functoin (Quartier Internatioanl)
- cost overruns and public subsidies similar to Darpeau, BUT emphasis on global connectivity, making the project pay its own way
How did the economy increase because of culture?
- cultural industires such as music, theatre, archit, sports etc. previously seen to have marginal effect became facets due to rise of servcie sector
- have gotten icnreased govt investment, seen as innovative, genrate tax income and employment
-ex. mega events and iconic bldgs raise global profile
Barcelona and the Olympics Goals
- cultural economic growth
- Metanarrative of the Games: creation of global city, well connected to outside world, postiive image to attract $$, image of modernity and multiculturalsm, shared global discourse of democracy and liberalism
Did the 1992 Barcelona Olympics launch the city into a global stage?
Yes, rebuitl institions and civic facitlites, infrasturcut had deliberately been neglected as awy of punishing city that hwas a bastion of rebel movemebts
Mayors 3 psot-Olympic Objectives
1. improving quality of city life
2. explot economic impetus generated by Games
3. establish Barceona as major Euro city
Overseas Architectual Work
aspect of contempraory architecutral practice, territorial boundares no longer make sense for deisng firms that can opearate globally (technological innovations computing, air travel etc.)
Bauhaus school
driven into American by Nazisim- architecutre
McNeil asks "what might a global architecture be?"
The Guggenheim in Spain, responds to critique of the bldg asn example of American cultural imperialism
Guggenhem in Manhattan
began seeling itslef a brand to franchsies in the early in 1990s to deal with financial dificultes-> in order to circulate works globally that would other wise bein storage
Guggenheim in Basque
- struck deal with Basque regional govt to bring the Guggenhem there
- desire to address dual bind of de industiralization and crippling terrorism
-many argued that the BAsque govt was weaker in the negotion and it would have negative impacts
More pressing threat to Basque culture
HIspanicatoin not Americanaiotn- Basque is not part of the "new Spain", watned to demonstrate its own intenlaization, felt left behind by modernization of the rest of Spain
-McNeil said that the Guggenhiem offered a Basque controlled flaghip
Indigenatiaion as a Phenomen
global imports take on local meanings- globalization is not a one way flow of cultural and fincaial influence
Bilbao Effect
Bilbao place on the map because of the Guggeheim there and the citys postindustiral transformation seen as success stories, generate significant amt of tourism
-bldg has gained a reputation of its own, has its own archtect- Frank Gehry
Frank Gehry
architect of Guggenheim in Bilbao
Guggenheim in Bilbao
iconcoimc bldg by celebrity archtect as urban reviatliaztion strateghy
Largest Coproation HQ locatoin
generally not state or national capitals